Démonstration formelleUne démonstration formelle est une séquence finie de propositions (appelées formules bien formées dans le cas d'un langage formel) dont chacun est un axiome, une hypothèse, ou résulte des propositions précédentes dans la séquence par une règle d'inférence. La dernière proposition de la séquence est un théorème d'un système formel. La notion de théorème n'est en général pas effective, donc n'existe pas de méthode par laquelle nous pouvons à chaque fois trouver une démonstration d'une proposition donnée ou de déterminer s'il y en a une.
Démonstration automatique de théorèmesLa démonstration automatique de théorèmes (DAT) est l'activité d'un logiciel qui démontre une proposition qu'on lui soumet, sans l'aide de l'utilisateur. Les démonstrateurs automatiques de théorème ont résolu des conjectures intéressantes difficiles à établir, certaines ayant échappé aux mathématiciens pendant longtemps ; c'est le cas, par exemple, de la , démontrée en 1996 par le logiciel EQP.
Contactless smart cardA contactless smart card is a contactless credential whose dimensions are credit-card size. Its embedded integrated circuits can store (and sometimes process) data and communicate with a terminal via NFC. Commonplace uses include transit tickets, bank cards and passports. There are two broad categories of contactless smart cards. Memory cards contain non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic.
Vérification formelleIn the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of intended algorithms underlying a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics. Formal verification can be helpful in proving the correctness of systems such as: cryptographic protocols, combinational circuits, digital circuits with internal memory, and software expressed as source code.
Comité international de la Croix-RougeLe Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) est une institution d'aide humanitaire, créée en 1863 par un groupe de citoyens de la ville suisse de Genève, dont faisaient partie Gustave Moynier, Henry Dunant (prix Nobel de la paix en 1901), les docteurs Louis Appia, Théodore Maunoir, et le général Guillaume Henri Dufour. C'est la plus ancienne organisation humanitaire existante après l'ordre de Malte. Le CICR s'est vu décerner le prix Nobel de la paix en 1917, 1944 et 1963 et le prix Balzan pour l'humanité, la paix et la fraternité entre les peuples en 1996.
Expectation of privacy (United States)In United States constitutional law, expectation of privacy is a legal test which is crucial in defining the scope of the applicability of the privacy protections of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. It is related to, but is not the same as, a right to privacy, a much broader concept which is found in many legal systems (see privacy law). Overall, expectations of privacy can be subjective or objective.
Lecteur de carteA card reader is a data input device that reads data from a card-shaped storage medium. The first were punched card readers, which read the paper or cardboard punched cards that were used during the first several decades of the computer industry to store information and programs for computer systems. Modern card readers are electronic devices that can read plastic cards embedded with either a barcode, magnetic strip, computer chip or another storage medium. A memory card reader is a device used for communication with a smart card or a memory card.
Internet privacyInternet privacy involves the right or mandate of personal privacy concerning the storage, re-purposing, provision to third parties, and display of information pertaining to oneself via the Internet. Internet privacy is a subset of data privacy. Privacy concerns have been articulated from the beginnings of large-scale computer sharing and especially relate to mass surveillance enabled by the emergence of computer technologies. Privacy can entail either personally identifiable information (PII) or non-PII information such as a site visitor's behaviour on a website.
AidIn international relations, aid (also known as international aid, overseas aid, foreign aid, economic aid or foreign assistance) is – from the perspective of governments – a voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another. Aid may serve one or more functions: it may be given as a signal of diplomatic approval, or to strengthen a military ally, to reward a government for behavior desired by the donor, to extend the donor's cultural influence, to provide infrastructure needed by the donor for resource extraction from the recipient country, or to gain other kinds of commercial access.
Isabelle (logiciel)The Isabelle automated theorem prover is a higher-order logic (HOL) theorem prover, written in Standard ML and Scala. As an LCF-style theorem prover, it is based on a small logical core (kernel) to increase the trustworthiness of proofs without requiring yet supporting explicit proof objects. Isabelle is available inside a flexible system framework allowing for logically safe extensions, which comprise both theories as well as implementations for code-generation, documentation, and specific support for a variety of formal methods.
