Price ceilingA price ceiling is a government- or group-imposed price control, or limit, on how high a price is charged for a product, commodity, or service. Governments use price ceilings to protect consumers from conditions that could make commodities prohibitively expensive. Such conditions can occur during periods of high inflation, in the event of an investment bubble, or in the event of monopoly ownership of a product, all of which can cause problems if imposed for a long period without controlled rationing, leading to shortages.
Social costSocial cost in neoclassical economics is the sum of the private costs resulting from a transaction and the costs imposed on the consumers as a consequence of being exposed to the transaction for which they are not compensated or charged. In other words, it is the sum of private and external costs. This might be applied to any number of economic problems: for example, social cost of carbon has been explored to better understand the costs of carbon emissions for proposed economic solutions such as a carbon tax.
Resource depletionResource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished. Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources (see also mineral resource classification). Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion. The value of a resource is a direct result of its availability in nature and the cost of extracting the resource, the more a resource is depleted the more the value of the resource increases.
Économie de l'environnementL’économie de l'environnement est une branche de l'économie qui traite d'un point de vue théorique des relations économiques entre les sociétés humaines et l'environnement. Elle constitue un champ voisin, mais distinct, de l'économie écologique. De l'effet de serre au recul de la biodiversité en passant par la pollution sous ses formes multiples, la question environnementale a aujourd'hui totalement investi le champ de la discipline économique.
Sustainable yieldThe sustainable yield is a form of sustainability that refers to the maximum harvest that does not deplete or over-harvest where the renewable resource can not grow back. In the simplest terms, sustainable yield is the largest amount of resource that humans can take or use without causing damage or allowing for a decline to happen in the specific population. In more formal terms, the sustainable yield of natural capital is the ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, i.
Price fixingPrice fixing is an anticompetitive agreement between participants on the same side in a market to buy or sell a product, service, or commodity only at a fixed price, or maintain the market conditions such that the price is maintained at a given level by controlling supply and demand. The intent of price fixing may be to push the price of a product as high as possible, generally leading to profits for all sellers but may also have the goal to fix, peg, discount, or stabilize prices.
PricingPricing is the process whereby a business sets the price at which it will sell its products and services, and may be part of the business's marketing plan. In setting prices, the business will take into account the price at which it could acquire the goods, the manufacturing cost, the marketplace, competition, market condition, brand, and quality of product. Pricing is a fundamental aspect of product management and is one of the four Ps of the marketing mix, the other three aspects being product, promotion, and place.
Économie de marchéUne économie du marché est un système économique fondé sur des échanges économiques effectuées directement par les individus de manière décentralisée dans un contexte où l'Etat intervient peu ou pas du tout. L'économie de marché est donc un modèle où les décisions de produire, d'échanger et d'allouer des biens et services rares sont déterminées majoritairement à l'aide d'informations résultant de la confrontation de l'offre et de la demande telle qu'établie par le libre jeu du marché.
Contrôle des prixLe contrôle des prix désigne les restrictions gouvernementales imposées sur les prix des denrées et services d'un marché. Les objectifs de tels contrôles sont, notamment, de maintenir accessible l'accès aux aliments de base, d'éviter les et de ralentir l'inflation (ou inversement d'assurer un revenu minimum aux producteurs de certaines marchandises). Jusqu'aux débuts des années 1980, la majorité des pays en voie de développement (PVD) utilisaient le mécanisme des caisses de compensation concernant les produits de première nécessité : le gouvernement fixe le prix de vente au vendeur lequel prix est largement inférieur au prix du marché.
Concurrence pure et parfaiteLa concurrence pure et parfaite (CPP) ou, tout simplement, la concurrence parfaite, correspond à la théorie de la formation du prix élaborée au par les économistes néo-classiques. La concurrence pure et parfaite est censée permettre l’équilibre sur tous les marchés sous des conditions suffisantes très particulières. La concurrence pure et parfaite représente un des deux cas extrêmes de structures de marché étudiés par les économistes néoclassiques, le second étant le cas de monopole.
