Cutting stock problemIn operations research, the cutting-stock problem is the problem of cutting standard-sized pieces of stock material, such as paper rolls or sheet metal, into pieces of specified sizes while minimizing material wasted. It is an optimization problem in mathematics that arises from applications in industry. In terms of computational complexity, the problem is an NP-hard problem reducible to the knapsack problem. The problem can be formulated as an integer linear programming problem.
Asymptotic analysisIn mathematical analysis, asymptotic analysis, also known as asymptotics, is a method of describing limiting behavior. As an illustration, suppose that we are interested in the properties of a function f (n) as n becomes very large. If f(n) = n2 + 3n, then as n becomes very large, the term 3n becomes insignificant compared to n2. The function f(n) is said to be "asymptotically equivalent to n2, as n → ∞". This is often written symbolically as f (n) ~ n2, which is read as "f(n) is asymptotic to n2".
Analyse techniqueL'analyse technique consiste en l’étude des graphiques de cours de la bourse et de différents indicateurs déduits des cours (actif sous-jacent) dans le but de prévoir l'évolution des marchés. Cette extrapolation graphique s'applique à tout type de marché comme les indices, prix, taux et matières premières. Elle n'est donc pas limitée à la bourse (marchés des actions) ; les mêmes outils et méthodes pouvant être appliqués à tout type d'actif sous-jacent dès lors que son prix est déterminé par la rencontre de l'offre et de la demande.
Axiome de fondationL'axiome de fondation, encore appelé axiome de régularité, est l'un des axiomes de la théorie des ensembles. Introduit par Abraham Fraenkel, Thoralf Skolem (1922) et John von Neumann (1925), il joue un grand rôle dans cette théorie, alors que les mathématiciens ne l'utilisent jamais ailleurs, même s'ils le considèrent souvent comme intuitivement vérifié. L'axiome de fondation fait ou non partie des axiomes de ZF (et ZFC) suivant les ouvrages. Dans la suite, on choisit de prendre ZF et ZFC sans axiome de fondation.
Spaces of test functions and distributionsIn mathematical analysis, the spaces of test functions and distributions are topological vector spaces (TVSs) that are used in the definition and application of distributions. Test functions are usually infinitely differentiable complex-valued (or sometimes real-valued) functions on a non-empty open subset that have compact support. The space of all test functions, denoted by is endowed with a certain topology, called the , that makes into a complete Hausdorff locally convex TVS.
Fundamental analysisFundamental analysis, in accounting and finance, is the analysis of a business's financial statements (usually to analyze the business's assets, liabilities, and earnings); health; and competitors and markets. It also considers the overall state of the economy and factors including interest rates, production, earnings, employment, GDP, housing, manufacturing and management. There are two basic approaches that can be used: bottom up analysis and top down analysis.
Epsilon-inductionIn set theory, -induction, also called epsilon-induction or set-induction, is a principle that can be used to prove that all sets satisfy a given property. Considered as an axiomatic principle, it is called the axiom schema of set induction. The principle implies transfinite induction and recursion. It may also be studied in a general context of induction on well-founded relations. The schema is for any given property of sets and states that, if for every set , the truth of follows from the truth of for all elements of , then this property holds for all sets.
