Axiome de fondation

Résumé

L'axiome de fondation, encore appelé axiome de régularité, est l'un des axiomes de la théorie des ensembles. Introduit par Abraham Fraenkel, Thoralf Skolem (1922) et John von Neumann (1925), il joue un grand rôle dans cette théorie, alors que les mathématiciens ne l'utilisent jamais ailleurs, même s'ils le considèrent souvent comme intuitivement vérifié. L'axiome de fondation fait ou non partie des axiomes de ZF (et ZFC) suivant les ouvrages. Dans la suite, on choisit de prendre ZF et ZFC sans axiome de fondation. Énoncé Axiome de fondation.— Tout ensemble x non vide possède un élément minimal pour l'appartenance sur x, soit un élément y n'ayant aucun élément en commun avec x : :\forall x \left [ x\neq \varnothing \Rightarrow \exists y (y \in x \wedge y\cap x=\varnothing) \right ] Par exemple, si x a pour élément l'ensemble vide, ce dernier conviendra pour y. C'est même le seul choix possible si x est un ensemble transitif non vide (qui a donc forcément l'ens

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiome_de_fondation

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Blow-up, partial regularity and turbulence in incompressible fluid dynamics

Silja Noëmi Aline Haffter

Weak solutions arise naturally in the study of the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations both from an abstract regularity/blow-up perspective and from physical theories of turbulence. This thesis studies the structure and size of singular set of such weak solutions to equations of incompressible fluid dynamics from two opposite directions. First, it aims to single-out new mechanisms which allow to break the typically supercritical scaling of the equations and, in this way, prevent the formation of singularities either globally or locally in spacetime. Second, in the absence of such mechanisms, we seek to quantify how singular (in terms of dimension of the singular set, for instance) the solutions that we are actually able to construct are. This thesis collects four results pointing in the two directions outlined above which have been obtained in several collaborations during the Ph.D. studies:- a global regularity result for the fractional Navier-Stokes equation slightly blow the critical fractional order,- a global well-posedness result for the defocusing wave equation with slightly supercritical power nonlinearity,- an a.e. smoothness / partial regularity result for the supercritical surface quasigeostrophic (SQG) equation,- an estimate (and a discussion of its sharpness) on the dimension of the singular set of wild Hölder continuous solutions of the incompressible Euler equations.All results presented in the thesis have either been published or are submitted for publication.

EPFL2022

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Regularity in metric spaces

Serguei Timochine

Using arguments developed by De Giorgi in the 1950's, it is possible to prove the regularity of the solutions to a vast class of variational problems in the Euclidean space. The main goal of the present thesis is to extend these results to the more abstract context of metric spaces with a measure. In particular, working in the axiomatic framework of Gol'dshtein – Troyanov, we establish both the interior and the boundary regularity of quasi-minimizers of the p-Dirichlet energy. Our proof works for quite general domains, assuming some natural hypotheses on the (axiomatic) D-structure. Furthermore, we prove analogous results for extremal functions lying in the class of Sobolev functions in the sense of Hajłasz – Koskela, i.e. functions characterized by the single condition that a Poincaré inequality be satisfied. Our strategy to prove these regularity results is first to show that, in a very general setting, the (Hölder) continuity of a function is a consequence of three specific technical hypotheses. This part of the argument is the essence of the De Giorgi method. Then, we verify that for a function u which is a quasi-minimizer in an axiomatic Sobolev space or an extremal Sobolev function in the sense of Hajłasz – Koskela, these technical hypotheses are indeed satisfied and u is thus (Hölder) continuous. In addition to that, we establish the Harnack's inequality for these extremal functions, and we show that the Dirichlet semi-norm of a piecewise-extremal function is equivalent to the sum of the Dirichlet semi-norms of its components.

EPFL2006

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We study the regularity of the regular and of the singular set of the obstacle problem in any dimension. Our approach is related to the epiperimetric inequality of Weiss (Invent Math 138:23–50, Wei99a), which works at regular points and provides an alternative to the methods previously introduced by Caffarelli (Acta Math 139:155–184, Caf77). In his paper, Weiss uses a contradiction argument for the regular set and he asks the question if such epiperimetric inequality can be proved in a direct way (namely, exhibiting explicit competitors), which would have significant implications on the regularity of the free boundary in dimension d > 2. We answer positively the question of Weiss, proving at regular points the epiperimetric inequality in a direct way, and more significantly we introduce a new tool, which we call logarithmic epiperimetric inequality. It allows to study the regularity of the whole singular set and yields an explicit logarithmic modulus of continuity on the C1 regularity, thus improving previous results of Caffarelli and Monneau and providing a fully alternative method. It is the first instance in the literature (even in the context of minimal surfaces) of an epiperimetric inequality of logarithmic type and the first instance in which the epiperimetric inequality for singular points has a direct proof. Our logarithmic epiperimetric inequality at singular points has a quite general nature and will be applied to provide similar results in different contexts, for instance for the thin obstacle problem.

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