Low-complexity video coding for receiver-driven layered multicast

In recent years the Internet Multicast Backbone'', or MBone, has risen from a small, research curiosity to a large scale and widely used communications infrastructure. A driving force behind this growth was the development of multipoint audio, video, and shared whiteboard conferencing applications. Because these real-time media are transmitted at a uniform rate to all the receivers in the network, a source must either run at the bottleneck rate or overload portions of its multicast distribution tree. We overcome this limitation by moving the burden of rate-adaptation from the source to the receivers with a scheme we call Receiver-driven Layered Multicast, or RLM. In RLM, a source distributes a hierarchical signal by striping the different layers across multiple multicast groups and receivers adjust their reception rate by simply joining and leaving multicast groups. In this paper we describe a layered video compression algorithm which, when combined with RLM, provides a comprehensive solution for scalable multicast video transmission in heterogeneous networks. In addition to a layered representation, our coder has low-complexity (admitting an efficient software implementation) and high loss resilience (admitting robust operation in loosely controlled environments like the Internet). Even with these constraints, our hybrid DCT/wavelet-based coder exhibits good compression performance. It outperforms all publicly available Internet video codecs while maintaining comparable run-time performance. We have implemented our coder in a real'' application --- the UCB/LBL video conferencing tool ``vic.'' Unlike previous work on layered video compression and transmission, we have built a fully operational system that is currently being deployed on a very large scale over the MBone.