Social systemIn sociology, a social system is the patterned network of relationships constituting a coherent whole that exist between individuals, groups, and institutions. It is the formal structure of role and status that can form in a small, stable group. An individual may belong to multiple social systems at once; examples of social systems include nuclear family units, communities, cities, nations, college campuses, religions, corporations, and industries.
Systems scienceSystems science, also referred to as systems research, or, simply, systems, is a transdisciplinary field concerned with understanding systems—from simple to complex—in nature, society, cognition, engineering, technology and science itself. The field is diverse, spanning the formal, natural, social, and applied sciences. To systems scientists, the world can be understood as a system of systems.
Price gougingPrice gouging is the practice of increasing the prices of goods, services, or commodities to a level much higher than is considered reasonable or fair. Usually, this event occurs after a demand or supply shock. This commonly applies to price increases of basic necessities after natural disasters. The term can also be used to refer to profits obtained by practices inconsistent with a competitive free market, or to windfall profits. In some jurisdictions of the United States during civil emergencies, price gouging is a specific crime.
Cross-site scriptingvignette|Le diagramme de séquence d'une attaque de type cross-site scripting. en Le cross-site scripting (abrégé XSS) est un type de faille de sécurité des sites web permettant d'injecter du contenu dans une page, provoquant ainsi des actions sur les navigateurs web visitant la page. Les possibilités des XSS sont très larges puisque l'attaquant peut utiliser tous les langages pris en charge par le navigateur (JavaScript, Java...) et de nouvelles possibilités sont régulièrement découvertes notamment avec l'arrivée de nouvelles technologies comme HTML5.
Dual modular redundancyIn reliability engineering, dual modular redundancy (DMR) is when components of a system are duplicated, providing redundancy in case one should fail. It is particularly applied to systems where the duplicated components work in parallel, particularly in fault-tolerant computer systems. A typical example is a complex computer system which has duplicated nodes, so that should one node fail, another is ready to carry on its work.
