StockStock (also capital stock, or sometimes interchangeably, shares) consist of all the shares by which ownership of a corporation or company is divided. A single share of the stock means fractional ownership of the corporation in proportion to the total number of shares. This typically entitles the shareholder (stockholder) to that fraction of the company's earnings, proceeds from liquidation of assets (after discharge of all senior claims such as secured and unsecured debt), or voting power, often dividing these up in proportion to the amount of money each stockholder has invested.
Yield spreadIn finance, the yield spread or credit spread is the difference between the quoted rates of return on two different investments, usually of different credit qualities but similar maturities. It is often an indication of the risk premium for one investment product over another. The phrase is a compound of yield and spread. The "yield spread of X over Y" is generally the annualized percentage yield to maturity (YTM) of financial instrument X minus the YTM of financial instrument Y.
Inflation-indexed bondDaily inflation-indexed bonds (also known as inflation-linked bonds or colloquially as linkers) are bonds where the principal is indexed to inflation or deflation on a daily basis. They are thus designed to hedge the inflation risk of a bond. The first known inflation-indexed bond was issued by the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1780. The market has grown dramatically since the British government began issuing inflation-linked Gilts in 1981. As of 2019, government-issued inflation-linked bonds comprise over $3.
Single-stock futuresIn finance, a single-stock future (SSF) is a type of futures contract between two parties to exchange a specified number of stocks in a company for a price agreed today (the futures price or the strike price) with delivery occurring at a specified future date, the delivery date. The contracts can be later traded on a futures exchange. The party agreeing to take delivery of the underlying stock in the future, the "buyer" of the contract, is said to be "long", and the party agreeing to deliver the stock in the future, the "seller" of the contract, is said to be "short".
Municipal bondA municipal bond, commonly known as a muni, is a bond issued by state or local governments, or entities they create such as authorities and special districts. In the United States, interest income received by holders of municipal bonds is often, but not always, exempt from federal and state income taxation. Typically, only investors in the highest tax brackets benefit from buying tax-exempt municipal bonds instead of taxable bonds. Taxable equivalent yield calculations are required to make fair comparisons between the two categories.
Security market lineSecurity market line (SML) is the representation of the capital asset pricing model. It displays the expected rate of return of an individual security as a function of systematic, non-diversifiable risk. The risk of an individual risky security reflects the volatility of the return from security rather than the return of the market portfolio. The risk in these individual risky securities reflects the systematic risk. The Y-intercept of the SML is equal to the risk-free interest rate.
Capital-investissementLe capital-investissement (en anglais : private equity) est un mode d'investissement de capital où un investisseur ou fonds d'investissement utilise des capitaux pour acheter des parts d'une entreprise. Secteur de la finance considéré comme très prestigieux, les professionnels du private equity sont régulièrement décrits comme les ou encore . Le capital-investissement consiste, stricto sensu, en une augmentation de capital d'une entreprise par un apport d'une autre entreprise spécialisée dans l'investissement.
Coefficient bêtaLe coefficient bêta est, en finance, une mesure de la volatilité du prix d'un actif par rapport à celle d'un marché financier. Il s'agit d'un coefficient clef du modèle d'évaluation des actifs financiers (MEDAF). Il est un indicateur utile dans la mise en place d'une stratégie de diversification des risques. Le bêta est le rapport entre la rentabilité de cet actif et celle du marché puisque la volatilité concerne les variations de cours qui sont un élément essentiel de rentabilité.
Analyse par les options réellesL'analyse par les options réelles (AOR) est un outil financier d'aide à la décision en matière d'investissement, directement inspiré des techniques d’options financières (« call » ou « put »). L’option réelle permet de prendre une décision stratégique d'investissement relative à un actif sous-jacent non financier. Ce sous-jacent peut être un projet ou un actif réel du type : bien d'équipement, usine de production, projet R&D, activité en phase de démarrage ou de croissance, ou bien encore propriété intellectuelle.
Fundamental theorem of asset pricingThe fundamental theorems of asset pricing (also: of arbitrage, of finance), in both financial economics and mathematical finance, provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a market to be arbitrage-free, and for a market to be complete. An arbitrage opportunity is a way of making money with no initial investment without any possibility of loss. Though arbitrage opportunities do exist briefly in real life, it has been said that any sensible market model must avoid this type of profit.
