Coupe (théorie des graphes)En théorie des graphes, une coupe d'un graphe est une partition des sommets en deux sous-ensembles. On appelle aussi coupe l'ensemble des arêtes ayant une extrémité dans chaque sous-ensemble de la partition. Si les arêtes ont un poids, le poids de la coupe est la somme des poids respectifs des arêtes de la coupe. Sinon, c'est le nombre d'arêtes dans la coupe. Cet objet apparaît dans la modélisation de nombreux problèmes concernant les réseaux, où l'on recherche une coupe s-t, c'est-à-dire une coupe séparant deux sommets s et t spécifiés.
Computational economicsComputational Economics is an interdisciplinary research discipline that involves computer science, economics, and management science. This subject encompasses computational modeling of economic systems. Some of these areas are unique, while others established areas of economics by allowing robust data analytics and solutions of problems that would be arduous to research without computers and associated numerical methods.
Graphic matroidIn the mathematical theory of matroids, a graphic matroid (also called a cycle matroid or polygon matroid) is a matroid whose independent sets are the forests in a given finite undirected graph. The dual matroids of graphic matroids are called co-graphic matroids or bond matroids. A matroid that is both graphic and co-graphic is sometimes called a planar matroid (but this should not be confused with matroids of rank 3, which generalize planar point configurations); these are exactly the graphic matroids formed from planar graphs.
Matroid rankIn the mathematical theory of matroids, the rank of a matroid is the maximum size of an independent set in the matroid. The rank of a subset S of elements of the matroid is, similarly, the maximum size of an independent subset of S, and the rank function of the matroid maps sets of elements to their ranks. The rank function is one of the fundamental concepts of matroid theory via which matroids may be axiomatized. Matroid rank functions form an important subclass of the submodular set functions.
Reflection groupIn group theory and geometry, a reflection group is a discrete group which is generated by a set of reflections of a finite-dimensional Euclidean space. The symmetry group of a regular polytope or of a tiling of the Euclidean space by congruent copies of a regular polytope is necessarily a reflection group. Reflection groups also include Weyl groups and crystallographic Coxeter groups. While the orthogonal group is generated by reflections (by the Cartan–Dieudonné theorem), it is a continuous group (indeed, Lie group), not a discrete group, and is generally considered separately.
Algorithme de parcours en largeurL'algorithme de parcours en largeur (ou BFS, pour Breadth-First Search en anglais) permet le parcours d'un graphe ou d'un arbre de la manière suivante : on commence par explorer un nœud source, puis ses successeurs, puis les successeurs non explorés des successeurs, etc. L'algorithme de parcours en largeur permet de calculer les distances de tous les nœuds depuis un nœud source dans un graphe non pondéré (orienté ou non orienté). Il peut aussi servir à déterminer si un graphe non orienté est connexe.
ParallelohedronIn geometry, a parallelohedron is a polyhedron that can be translated without rotations in 3-dimensional Euclidean space to fill space with a honeycomb in which all copies of the polyhedron meet face-to-face. There are five types of parallelohedron, first identified by Evgraf Fedorov in 1885 in his studies of crystallographic systems: the cube, hexagonal prism, rhombic dodecahedron, elongated dodecahedron, and truncated octahedron. Every parallelohedron is a zonohedron, a centrally symmetric polyhedron with centrally symmetric faces.
