Mixed-member proportional representationMixed-member proportional representation (MMP or MMPR) is a mixed electoral system in which votes are cast for both local elections and also for overall party vote tallies, which are used to allocate additional members to produce or deepen overall proportional representation. In some MMP systems, voters get two votes: one to decide the representative for their single-seat constituency, and one for a political party. In Denmark and others, the single vote cast by the voter is used for both the local election (in a multi-member or single-seat district), and for the overall top-up.
Binary erasure channelIn coding theory and information theory, a binary erasure channel (BEC) is a communications channel model. A transmitter sends a bit (a zero or a one), and the receiver either receives the bit correctly, or with some probability receives a message that the bit was not received ("erased") . A binary erasure channel with erasure probability is a channel with binary input, ternary output, and probability of erasure . That is, let be the transmitted random variable with alphabet .
Code de GrayLe code de Gray, également appelé code Gray ou code binaire réfléchi, est un type de codage binaire permettant de ne modifier qu'un seul bit à la fois quand un nombre est augmenté d'une unité. Cette propriété est importante pour plusieurs applications. Le nom du code vient de l'ingénieur américain Frank Gray qui publia un brevet sur ce code en 1953, mais le code lui-même est plus ancien. Le code de Gray est un codage binaire, c'est-à-dire une fonction qui associe à chaque nombre une représentation binaire.
