Spatiotemporal gene expressionSpatiotemporal gene expression is the activation of genes within specific tissues of an organism at specific times during development. Gene activation patterns vary widely in complexity. Some are straightforward and static, such as the pattern of tubulin, which is expressed in all cells at all times in life. Some, on the other hand, are extraordinarily intricate and difficult to predict and model, with expression fluctuating wildly from minute to minute or from cell to cell.
HistologieL’histologie (du grec ancien ἱστός, « tissu », et λόγος, « étude »), autrefois appelée anatomie microscopique, est la branche de la biologie et de la médecine qui étudie les tissus biologiques. Elle se situe au carrefour de la biologie cellulaire, de l'anatomie, de la biochimie et de la physiologie. Elle a pour objectif d’explorer la structure des organismes vivants, les rapports constitutifs et fonctionnels entre leurs éléments fonctionnels, ainsi que le renouvellement des tissus.
Produit géniqueA gene product is the biochemical material, either RNA or protein, resulting from expression of a gene. A measurement of the amount of gene product is sometimes used to infer how active a gene is. Abnormal amounts of gene product can be correlated with disease-causing alleles, such as the overactivity of oncogenes which can cause cancer. A gene is defined as "a hereditary unit of DNA that is required to produce a functional product".
Bisulfite sequencingBisulfite sequencing (also known as bisulphite sequencing) is the use of bisulfite treatment of DNA before routine sequencing to determine the pattern of methylation. DNA methylation was the first discovered epigenetic mark, and remains the most studied. In animals it predominantly involves the addition of a methyl group to the carbon-5 position of cytosine residues of the dinucleotide CpG, and is implicated in repression of transcriptional activity.
Transcriptase inverseLa transcriptase inverse ou rétrotranscriptase (en anglais en ou encore en) est une enzyme utilisée par les rétrovirus et les rétrotransposons qui transcrivent l'information génétique des virus ou rétrotransposons de l'ARN en ADN, qui peut s'intégrer dans le génome de l'hôte. Les eucaryotes à ADN linéaire utilisent la télomérase, une variante de la transcriptase inverse, avec le modèle d'ARN contenu dans l'enzyme elle-même.
Functional genomicsFunctional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions. Functional genomics make use of the vast data generated by genomic and transcriptomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects and RNA sequencing). Functional genomics focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription, translation, regulation of gene expression and protein–protein interactions, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic information such as DNA sequence or structures.
Fixation (histology)In the fields of histology, pathology, and cell biology, fixation is the preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction. It terminates any ongoing biochemical reactions and may also increase the treated tissues' mechanical strength or stability. Tissue fixation is a critical step in the preparation of histological sections, its broad objective being to preserve cells and tissue components and to do this in such a way as to allow for the preparation of thin, stained sections.
Microarray analysis techniquesMicroarray analysis techniques are used in interpreting the data generated from experiments on DNA (Gene chip analysis), RNA, and protein microarrays, which allow researchers to investigate the expression state of a large number of genes - in many cases, an organism's entire genome - in a single experiment. Such experiments can generate very large amounts of data, allowing researchers to assess the overall state of a cell or organism. Data in such large quantities is difficult - if not impossible - to analyze without the help of computer programs.
Relative species abundanceRelative species abundance is a component of biodiversity and is a measure of how common or rare a species is relative to other species in a defined location or community. Relative abundance is the percent composition of an organism of a particular kind relative to the total number of organisms in the area. Relative species abundances tend to conform to specific patterns that are among the best-known and most-studied patterns in macroecology. Different populations in a community exist in relative proportions; this idea is known as relative abundance.
Immunohistochimiethumb|Axones dans un ganglion de souris, vue par immunofluorescence. L'immunohistochimie (IHC) est une méthode de localisation de protéines dans les cellules d'une coupe de tissu, par la détection d'antigènes au moyen d'anticorps. L'immunohistochimie exploite le fait qu'un anticorps se lie spécifiquement à des antigènes dans les tissus biologiques. Les anticorps peuvent être d'origine polyclonale ou monoclonale, les anticorps monoclonaux étant plus spécifiques par essence.
