Marine primary productionMarine primary production is the chemical synthesis in the ocean of organic compounds from atmospheric or dissolved carbon dioxide. It principally occurs through the process of photosynthesis, which uses light as its source of energy, but it also occurs through chemosynthesis, which uses the oxidation or reduction of inorganic chemical compounds as its source of energy. Almost all life on Earth relies directly or indirectly on primary production. The organisms responsible for primary production are called primary producers or autotrophs.
Total organic carbonTotal organic carbon (TOC) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of organic carbon in a sample. TOC determinations are made in a variety of application areas. For example, TOC may be used as a non-specific indicator of water quality, or TOC of source rock may be used as one factor in evaluating a petroleum play. For marine surface sediments average TOC content is 0.5% in the deep ocean, and 2% along the eastern margins.
PicoplanctonPicoplankton is the fraction of plankton composed by cells between 0.2 and 2 μm that can be either prokaryotic and eukaryotic phototrophs and heterotrophs: photosynthetic Photosynthetic picoplankton heterotrophic Heterotrophic picoplankton They are prevalent amongst microbial plankton communities of both freshwater and marine ecosystems. They have an important role in making up a significant portion of the total biomass of phytoplankton communities. In general, plankton can be categorized on the basis of physiological, taxonomic, or dimensional characteristics.
Carbone organique dissousLe carbone organique dissous ou COD (en anglais, dissolved organic carbon ou DOC) est un paramètre global de la chimie de l'eau utilisé pour caractériser et suivre l’évolution du taux de carbone dissous dans les eaux (douces, saumâtres ou marines), ou la pollution organique des milieux aquatiques. C'est une fraction parfois importante du Carbone organique total (COT). La pollution par certaines matières organiques et le carbone dissous tend à augmenter dans le monde, dont en France, en Bretagne par exemple.
Cycle du carbonevignette|redresse=2|Schéma du cycle du carbone : l'immense réservoir de carbone est la lithosphère qui stocke 80 000 000 Gigatonnes (Gt) de carbone minéral, sous forme de roches carbonatées et 14 000 Gt de carbone dans la matière organique fossile (réévaluation par rapport aux données du schéma). L'hydrosphère est un réservoir intermédiaire qui stocke 39 000 Gt de carbone sous forme de . L’atmosphère et la biosphère sont des petits réservoirs : le premier stocke 750 Gt principalement sous forme de , le second deux à trois fois plus selon les auteurs.
Particulate inorganic carbonParticulate inorganic carbon (PIC) can be contrasted with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), the other form of inorganic carbon found in the ocean. These distinctions are important in chemical oceanography. Particulate inorganic carbon is sometimes called suspended inorganic carbon. In operational terms, it is defined as the inorganic carbon in particulate form that is too large to pass through the filter used to separate dissolved inorganic carbon. Most PIC is calcium carbonate, CaCO3, particularly in the form of calcite, but also in the form of aragonite.
Zone photiquethumb|right|250px|Diagramme des couches de la zone pélagique. La zone photique, aussi nommée zone euphotique, zone épipélagique ou couche photique, est la zone aquatique d’un lac ou d’un océan exposée à une lumière suffisante pour que la photosynthèse s'y produise. La profondeur de la zone photique peut être grandement affectée par la turbidité et la latitude. Elle s’étend jusqu’à une profondeur à laquelle l’intensité lumineuse résiduelle correspond à 1 % de celle en surface (également appelée « profondeur euphotique »).
High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regionsHigh-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions are regions of the ocean where the abundance of phytoplankton is low and fairly constant despite the availability of macronutrients. Phytoplankton rely on a suite of nutrients for cellular function. Macronutrients (e.g., nitrate, phosphate, silicic acid) are generally available in higher quantities in surface ocean waters, and are the typical components of common garden fertilizers. Micronutrients (e.g., iron, zinc, cobalt) are generally available in lower quantities and include trace metals.
Microbial loopThe microbial loop describes a trophic pathway where, in aquatic systems, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is returned to higher trophic levels via its incorporation into bacterial biomass, and then coupled with the classic food chain formed by phytoplankton-zooplankton-nekton. In soil systems, the microbial loop refers to soil carbon. The term microbial loop was coined by Farooq Azam, Tom Fenchel et al. in 1983 to include the role played by bacteria in the carbon and nutrient cycles of the marine environment.
Particulate organic matterParticulate organic matter (POM) is a fraction of total organic matter operationally defined as that which does not pass through a filter pore size that typically ranges in size from 0.053 millimeters (53 μm) to 2 millimeters. Particulate organic carbon (POC) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with POM. POC refers specifically to the mass of carbon in the particulate organic material, while POM refers to the total mass of the particulate organic matter.
