Laser engravingLaser engraving is the practice of using lasers to engrave an object. Laser marking, on the other hand, is a broader category of methods to leave marks on an object, which in some cases, also includes color change due to chemical/molecular alteration, charring, foaming, melting, ablation, and more. The technique does not involve the use of inks, nor does it involve tool bits which contact the engraving surface and wear out, giving it an advantage over alternative engraving or marking technologies where inks or bit heads have to be replaced regularly.
Optique en rayons XX-ray optics is the branch of optics that manipulates X-rays instead of visible light. It deals with focusing and other ways of manipulating the X-ray beams for research techniques such as X-ray crystallography, X-ray fluorescence, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray microscopy, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, and X-ray astronomy. Since X-rays and visible light are both electromagnetic waves they propagate in space in the same way, but because of the much higher frequency and photon energy of X-rays they interact with matter very differently.
Loi des proportions définiesLa loi des proportions définies est une loi pondérale énoncée par Joseph Louis Proust, selon laquelle lorsque deux ou plusieurs corps simples s'unissent pour former un composé défini, leur combinaison s'effectue toujours selon un même rapport pondéral. Cette loi constitue, avec la loi des proportions multiples, la base de la stœchiométrie en chimie. On peut, par exemple, mesurer que, quelle que soit la masse d'eau considérée, le rapport entre la masse d'hydrogène et la masse d'oxygène entrant dans sa composition est toujours de 1 pour 8.
