Production d'hydrogèneLa production d'hydrogène, ou plus exactement de dihydrogène, est en grande majorité réalisée par extraction chimique depuis des combustibles fossiles, principalement du méthane, du charbon et de coupes pétrolières. La production de dihydrogène par cette voie présente l'avantage d'un coût compétitif, mais l'inconvénient d'être à l'origine d'émissions de non biogénique, qui dépassent généralement dix kilogrammes de par kilogramme d'hydrogène produit.
Biologie marinevignette|redresse=1.1|Les écosystèmes marins comptent parmi les plus complexes, les plus répandus et les moins bien connus de notre planète. La biologie marine est l'étude scientifique des organismes et écosystèmes marins, littoraux et estuariens ou d’organismes indirectement liés à l'eau de mer (oiseaux marins par exemple). La biologie marine diffère de l'écologie marine. En écologie marine, les chercheurs se concentrent sur la façon dont les organismes interagissent les uns avec les autres et l'environnement, tandis qu’en biologie marine, les chercheurs étudient l’organisme lui-même.
Marine ecosystemMarine ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in waters that have a high salt content. These systems contrast with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply and 90% of habitable space on Earth. Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems.
Acidification des océansvignette|upright=1.7|Variation du pH à la surface des océans provoquée par le d'origine anthropique entre les années 1700 et les années 1990 vignette|upright=1.7|Effets : Réduction estimée de la concentration en ions carbonates () dans les eaux de surface entre les années 1700 et les années 1990 L'acidification des océans est la diminution progressive du pH des océans. Il a été estimé que de 1950 à 2021, le pH des eaux superficielles des océans a diminué, passant de 8,15 à 8,05 .
Ammonia productionAmmonia production takes place worldwide, mostly in large-scale manufacturing plants that produce 235 million tonnes of ammonia (2021) annually. Leading producers are China (31.9%), Russia (8.7%), India (7.5%), and the United States (7.1%). 80% or more of ammonia is used as fertilizer. Ammonia is also used for the production of plastics, fibres, explosives, nitric acid (via the Ostwald process), and intermediates for dyes and pharmaceuticals. The industry contributes 1% to 2% of global CO2.
Cycle biogéochimiqueUn cycle biogéochimique est le processus de transport et de transformation cyclique (recyclage) d'un élément ou composé chimique entre les grands réservoirs que sont la géosphère, l'atmosphère, l'hydrosphère, dans lesquels se retrouve la biosphère. Un tel cycle induit souvent des passages de l'état organique à l'état minéral au sein de la biosphère. Les divers cycles en interaction confèrent à la biosphère une capacité de régulation, appelée homéostasie.
Marine protistsMarine protists are defined by their habitat as protists that live in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. Life originated as marine single-celled prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and later evolved into more complex eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are the more developed life forms known as plants, animals, fungi and protists. Protists are the eukaryotes that cannot be classified as plants, fungi or animals. They are mostly single-celled and microscopic.
F-ratio (oceanography)In oceanic biogeochemistry, the f-ratio is the fraction of total primary production fuelled by nitrate (as opposed to that fuelled by other nitrogen compounds such as ammonium). The ratio was originally defined by Richard Eppley and Bruce Peterson in one of the first papers estimating global oceanic production. This fraction was originally believed significant because it appeared to directly relate to the sinking (export) flux of organic marine snow from the surface ocean by the biological pump.
Microbial loopThe microbial loop describes a trophic pathway where, in aquatic systems, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is returned to higher trophic levels via its incorporation into bacterial biomass, and then coupled with the classic food chain formed by phytoplankton-zooplankton-nekton. In soil systems, the microbial loop refers to soil carbon. The term microbial loop was coined by Farooq Azam, Tom Fenchel et al. in 1983 to include the role played by bacteria in the carbon and nutrient cycles of the marine environment.
Marine virusesMarine viruses are defined by their habitat as viruses that are found in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. Viruses are small infectious agents that can only replicate inside the living cells of a host organism, because they need the replication machinery of the host to do so. They can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
