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This lecture introduces the concept of natural numbers, focusing on the existence of numbers such as 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. The instructor explains how '2 is a natural number' and the notion of elements in the set of natural numbers. The lecture covers the properties and characteristics of natural numbers, including the empty set, subsets, and operations like addition and multiplication. It also delves into the properties of natural numbers under addition and multiplication, such as commutativity, associativity, and the existence of neutral elements.