Limits to using markets as energy allocation mechanism

This lecture explores the characteristics of four illustrative model pathways for achieving net emissions reductions to limit global warming to 1.5°C. The pathways involve Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), and removals in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector. Different scenarios are presented, ranging from downsized energy systems with rapid decarbonization to resource-intensive scenarios heavily reliant on technological means. The implications for emissions, energy demand, renewable energy share, and global indicators are discussed, highlighting the challenges and trade-offs in achieving sustainable energy transitions.