This lecture covers various redox reactions of aldehydes, including the Evans-Tishchenko Reaction, the Cannizzaro Reaction, the Benzoin Reaction, and the Cross Benzoin Reaction. It also discusses the reduction of imines with hydride and the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reaction. Additionally, it explores the Stetter Reaction mechanism, the Wittig Reaction, and its variants, such as the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Reaction. The lecture emphasizes reaction mechanisms, selectivity, and specific examples to illustrate the concepts.