This lecture covers the analysis of protein structure, including the first 3D structure determination in 1959 using X-ray crystallography. It discusses the role of chaperones in protein folding, the importance of correctly folded proteins, and the degradation of misfolded proteins. Post-translational modifications such as hydroxylation, methylation, lipidation, and phosphorylation are also explained, along with their significance in protein function. The lecture emphasizes the impact of protein misfolding on diseases and the regulation of protein activity through gene expression, mRNA stability, and post-translational modifications.