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This lecture covers the development of antibodies for therapeutic purposes, including the difference between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, the generation of chimeric and humanized antibodies, and the recombinant expression of monoclonal antibodies. It also discusses the most recent developments in antibody-based therapeutics, such as the generation of chimeric antibodies and the use of alternative scaffolds. The lecture delves into the challenges and limitations of antibody drugs, the miniaturization of antibodies, and the properties of non-immunoglobulin protein scaffolds. Additionally, it explores the process of in vitro affinity-selection of antibodies and the analysis of selected antibody fragments.