Aircraft design

The aircraft design process is a loosely defined method used to balance many competing and demanding requirements to produce an aircraft that is strong, lightweight, economical and can carry an adequate payload while being sufficiently reliable to safely fly for the design life of the aircraft. Similar to, but more exacting than, the usual engineering design process, the technique is highly iterative, involving high-level configuration tradeoffs, a mixture of analysis and testing and the detailed examination of the adequacy of every part of the structure. For some types of aircraft, the design process is regulated by civil airworthiness authorities. This article deals with powered aircraft such as airplanes and helicopter designs. The design process starts with the aircraft's intended purpose. Commercial airliners are designed for carrying a passenger or cargo payload, long range and greater fuel efficiency where as fighter jets are designed to perform high speed maneuvers and provide close support to ground troops. Some aircraft have specific missions, for instance, amphibious airplanes have a unique design that allows them to operate from both land and water, some fighters, like the Harrier jump jet, have VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) ability, helicopters have the ability to hover over an area for a period of time. The purpose may be to fit a specific requirement, e.g. as in the historical case of a British Air Ministry specification, or fill a perceived "gap in the market"; that is, a class or design of aircraft which does not yet exist, but for which there would be significant demand. Another important factor that influences the design are the requirements for obtaining a type certificate for a new design of aircraft. These requirements are published by major national airworthiness authorities including the US Federal Aviation Administration and the European Aviation Safety Agency. Airports may also impose limits on aircraft, for instance, the maximum wingspan allowed for a conventional aircraft is to prevent collisions between aircraft while taxiing.

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Sensefly

Active dans les drones, les capteurs et les logiciels. Sensefly est un pionnier mondial dans l'industrie de l'UAV, offrant des drones à voilure fixe haute performance avec des capteurs avancés et des logiciels pour l'intelligence aérienne automatisée.

Applications du corps rigide: exemples de rotation PHYS-101(j): General physics : mechanics

Couvre les applications de rotation rigide du corps, y compris le stockage d'énergie et la stabilité gyroscopique.

A flap is a high-lift device used to reduce the stalling speed of an aircraft wing at a given weight. Flaps are usually mounted on the wing trailing edges of a fixed-wing aircraft. Flaps are used to reduce the take-off distance and the landing distance. Flaps also cause an increase in drag so they are retracted when not needed. The flaps installed on most aircraft are partial-span flaps; spanwise from near the wing root to the inboard end of the ailerons.

vignette|Cerfs-volants gonflables, sans armature. vignette|Cerf-volant triangulaire. thumb|Cerf-volant en forme d'étoile, à Hockenheim en Allemagne. Un cerf-volant est un aérodyne assez léger pour être mu par les forces aérodynamiques, lancé et manœuvré depuis le sol à l'aide d'un ou plusieurs fils. Sa structure la plus commune se compose d'une pièce de toile ou de papier plus ou moins tendue sur une armature. thumb|left|Le Cerf-volant (Francisco de Goya, 1778, musée du Prado) Le mot « cerf-volant » (1669) viendrait de serp-volante, serpe étant un mot féminin en ancien français pour désigner un serpent.

Les commandes de vol électriques (en anglais, fly-by-wire ou FBW) sont un système qui remplace les traditionnelles commandes de vol mécaniques d'un avion, par un ensemble de dispositifs incluant des équipements électroniques et dans certains cas informatiques. On parle alors également de commandes de vol numériques. En aviation, les commandes de vol sont le système faisant le lien entre le pilote et les gouvernes aérodynamiques, qui permettent de modifier l'attitude et la trajectoire de l'avion.

The Application of Fuel-Cell and Battery Technologies in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Dynamic Study

Jan Van Herle, Hossein Pourrahmani, Claire Marie Isabelle Bernier

The harmful impacts of fossil-fuel-based engines on the environment have resulted in the development of other alternatives for different types of vehicles. Currently, batteries and fuel cells are being used in the automotive industry, while promising progress in the maritime and aerospace sectors is foreseen. As a case study in the aerospace sector, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was considered. The goal and the novelty of this study are in its analysis of the possibility of providing 960 W of power for a UAV with a weight of 14 kg using a hybrid system of a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery and proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The dynamic performance of the system was analyzed considering three different load profiles over time in an optimized condition. PEMFC was the main supplier of power, while the battery intervened when the power load was high for the PEMFC and the system demanded an immediate response to the changes in power load. Additionally, the impacts of the operating temperature and the C-rate of the battery were characterized by the state of the charge of the battery to better indicate the overall performance of the system.

MDPI2022

Flight of mind: Sensorimotor and multisensory embodiment with aviation robotics, flight simulator, and virtual reality

Myeong Seop Song

Normally, humans experience an 'I' as residing in one's body and as the agent of one's actions. In other words, the self is experienced as being inside the body (self-location), as having a body (self-identification), and as being able to control the person's body (agency). Over the last decade, research in cognitive neuroscience has revealed that vestibular signals contribute to such aspects of the embodied self. On the other hand, the influences of embodiment on vestibular sensations have received scant attention. In my thesis, I highlight how changes in multisensory and sensorimotor embodiment impact vestibular sensations. For this purpose, I merged technologies from photorealistic virtual reality (VR), aviation robotics such as a drone, flight simulator, haptics with knowledge of cognitive neuroscience about embodiment and bodily self-consciousness (BSC). The multidisciplinary approaches provide new paradigms to modulate embodiment and investigate related vestibular sensations based on multisensory and sensorimotor mechanisms of BSC. Also, the approaches reveal the relationship between embodiment and vestibular sensations. In Study 1, we have objectively shown the possibility of the duplication of the self by measuring peripersonal space (PPS). To this aim, we provided participants with real-time feedback from a drone-mounted camera that autonomously followed them while they responded to multisensory stimuli on their body and in their environment and walked forward. Our results demonstrate that this setup induces two spatially distinct PPSs in healthy participants: reaction times for visuotactile stimuli were faster around both the physical body and the observed body. In Studies 2 & 3, we have added a photorealistic avatar and a haptic vest to a robotic flight simulator to enable and investigate personalized immersive flight experiences in healthy humans. Study 2 showed that modulations of embodiment using sensorimotor stimulation resulted in enhanced subjective flying experience, better piloting performance, and learning. In Study 3, we showed that multisensory - visual and tactile - stimulation could further increase embodiment and improve piloting performance. Furthermore, in both studies, we found a positive relationship between embodiment and flight sensations. In Studies 4 & 5, we developed a new multisensory body scanning technology platform to induce and investigate one of the most common experiences in which the center of awareness is dissociated from the physical body: out-of-body experiences (OBEs). OBEs represent an interesting link between embodiment and vestibular sensations as they are characterized by embodiment of an elevated aerial position and perspective in space that is commonly associated with prominent sensations of floating, elevation, and flight. In this study, we have investigated how several sensorimotor and audio-visual stimulation conditions affect subjective sensations of disembodiment, floating, lightness as well as behavioral measures of self-location. In conclusion, my work developed new paradigms to investigate embodiment, BSC, and vestibular processing. My work revealed the influence of embodiment on vestibular sensations and applied these insights between embodiment and vestibular sensations to the field of field engineering by combining state-of-the-art technologies with knowledge of BSC with broad implications for robotics, neuroscience, of immersive VR, as well as experiential

EPFL2020

An Adaptive Landing Gear for Extending the Operational Range of Helicopters

Tobias Löw, Marco Hutter

Conventional skid or wheel based helicopter landing gears severely limit off-field landing possibilities, which are crucial when operating in scenarios such as mountain rescue. In this context, slopes beyond 8° and small obstacles can already pose a substantial hazard. An adaptive landing gear is proposed to overcome these limitations. It consists of four legs with one degree of freedom each. The total weight was minimized to demonstrate economic practicability. This was achieved by an innovative actuation, composed of a parallel arrangement of motor and brake, which relieves the motor from large impact loads during hard landings. The loads are alleviated by a spring-damper system acting in series to the actuation. Each leg is individually force controlled for optimal load distribution on compliant ground and to avoid tipping. The operation of the legs is fully autonomous during the landing phase. A prototype was designed and successfully tested on an unmanned helicopter with a maximum take-off weight of 78 kg. Finally, the implementation of the landing gear concept on aircraft of various scales was discussed.

IEEE2019

Aérodynamique

Laérodynamique () est une branche de la dynamique des fluides qui étudie les écoulements d'air, et leurs effets sur des éléments solides. Dans des domaines d'application tel que le design, des éléments d'aérodynamique sont repris du point de vue humain et subjectif, sous le nom daérodynamisme, avec des considérations, par exemple, sur les formes pouvant apparaître comme favorables à l'avancement.

Véhicule spatial

Un véhicule spatial (rarement utilisé astronef ou spationef) est un véhicule conçu pour fonctionner dans l'espace. Les particularités de ce milieu déterminent la conception des véhicules spatiaux : la nécessité de sortir du puits gravitationnel terrestre qui limite la masse emportée, l'absence d'atmosphère, la nécessité d'une autonomie complète dans tous les domaines (énergie, propulsion, atmosphère et ravitaillement pour les engins emportant des équipages), les contraintes thermiques, les importantes distances à parcourir éventuellement, le bombardement par des particules énergétiques.

Aviation commerciale

droite|vignette| Carte de l'itinéraire du trafic aérien commercial régulier du monde, 2009 droite|vignette| Variété d'avions de ligne commerciaux à l'aéroport de Tokyo Narita L'aviation commerciale est la partie de l'aviation civile (à la fois l'aviation générale et les services aériens réguliers) qui implique la location d'avions pour le transport de passagers ou de multiples charges de fret. La a commencé à régulariser l'aviation commerciale en établissant des normes, une facilitation et une promotion aux États-Unis.