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Concept
Naqada culture
Summary
The Naqada culture is an archaeological culture of Chalcolithic Predynastic Egypt (c. 4000–3000 BC), named for the town of Naqada, Qena Governorate. A 2013 Oxford University radiocarbon dating study of the Predynastic period suggests a beginning date sometime between 3,800 and 3,700 BC.
The final phase of the Naqada culture is Naqada III, which is coterminous with the Protodynastic Period (Early Bronze Age 3200–3000 BC) in ancient Egypt.
The Naqada period was first divided by the British Egyptologist William Matthew Flinders Petrie, who explored the site in 1894, into three sub-periods:
Naqada I: Amratian (after the cemetery near El-Amrah, Egypt)
Naqada II: Gerzean (after the cemetery near Gerzeh)
Naqada III: Semainean (after the cemetery near Es-Semaina)
Petrie's chronology was superseded by that of Werner Kaiser in 1957. Kaiser's chronology began c. 4000 BC, but the modern version has been adjusted slightly, as follows:
Naqada I (about 3900–3650 BC)
black-topped and painted pottery
trade with Nubia, Western Desert oases, and Eastern Mediterranean
obsidian from Ethiopia
Naqada II (about 3650–3300 BC)
represented throughout Egypt
first marl pottery, and metalworking
Naqada III (about 3300–2900 BC)
more elaborate grave goods, first Pharaohs
cylindrical jars
writing
File:WLA brooklynmuseum Terracotta female figure.jpg|Figure of a woman. Naqada II period, 3500–3400 BCE. [[Brooklyn Museum]]
File:Pre-dynastic Naqada cooking pot HARGM 9833.JPG|Pre-dynastic Naqada cooking pot - scientific analysis has shown that this pot once contained a meat stew with honey
File:Incised hippopotamus ivory tusk, upper canine. Four holes around top. From Naqada Tomb 1419, Egypt. Naqada period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|Incised hippopotamus ivory tusk, an upper canine with four holes around top, from Naqada Tomb 1419, Egypt, Naqada period, The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
File:Spatha shell. From Naqada tomb 1539, Egypt. Naqada I period. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.
Official source
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