In mathematics, a topos (USˈtɒpɒs, UKˈtoʊpoʊs,_ˈtoʊpɒs; plural topoi ˈtɒpɔɪ or ˈtoʊpɔɪ, or toposes) is a that behaves like the category of sheaves of sets on a topological space (or more generally: on a site). Topoi behave much like the and possess a notion of localization; they are a direct generalization of point-set topology. The Grothendieck topoi find applications in algebraic geometry; the more general elementary topoi are used in logic.
The mathematical field that studies topoi is called topos theory.
Since the introduction of sheaves into mathematics in the 1940s, a major theme has been to study a space by studying sheaves on a space. This idea was expounded by Alexander Grothendieck by introducing the notion of a "topos". The main utility of this notion is in the abundance of situations in mathematics where topological heuristics are very effective, but an honest topological space is lacking; it is sometimes possible to find a topos formalizing the heuristic. An important example of this programmatic idea is the étale topos of a scheme. Another illustration of the capability of Grothendieck toposes to incarnate the “essence” of different mathematical situations is given by their use as bridges for connecting theories which, albeit written in possibly very different languages, share a common mathematical content.
A Grothendieck topos is a C which satisfies any one of the following three properties. (A theorem of Jean Giraud states that the properties below are all equivalent.)
There is a D and an inclusion C ↪ Presh(D) that admits a finite-limit-preserving left adjoint.
C is the category of sheaves on a Grothendieck site.
C satisfies Giraud's axioms, below.
Here Presh(D) denotes the category of contravariant functors from D to the category of sets; such a contravariant functor is frequently called a .
Giraud's axioms for a C are:
C has a small set of s, and admits all small colimits. Furthermore, fiber products distribute over coproducts.
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The theme of the working group varies from year to year. Examples of recent topics studied include: Galois theory of ring spectra, duality in algebra and topology, and topological algebraic geometry.
The theme of the working group varies from year to year. Examples of recent topics studied include: Galois theory of ring spectra, duality in algebra and topology, topological algebraic geometry and t
This course will provide an introduction to model category theory, which is an abstract framework for generalizing homotopy theory beyond topological spaces and continuous maps. We will study numerous
In , a subobject classifier is a special object Ω of a category such that, intuitively, the subobjects of any object X in the category correspond to the morphisms from X to Ω. In typical examples, that morphism assigns "true" to the elements of the subobject and "false" to the other elements of X. Therefore, a subobject classifier is also known as a "truth value object" and the concept is widely used in the categorical description of logic. Note however that subobject classifiers are often much more complicated than the simple binary logic truth values {true, false}.
In , a branch of mathematics, a functor category is a category where the objects are the functors and the morphisms are natural transformations between the functors (here, is another object in the category). Functor categories are of interest for two main reasons: many commonly occurring categories are (disguised) functor categories, so any statement proved for general functor categories is widely applicable; every category embeds in a functor category (via the Yoneda embedding); the functor category often has nicer properties than the original category, allowing certain operations that were not available in the original setting.
In mathematics, the direct image functor is a construction in sheaf theory that generalizes the global sections functor to the relative case. It is of fundamental importance in topology and algebraic geometry. Given a sheaf F defined on a topological space X and a continuous map f: X → Y, we can define a new sheaf f∗F on Y, called the direct image sheaf or the pushforward sheaf of F along f, such that the global sections of f∗F is given by the global sections of F.
We define filter quotients of -categories and prove that filter quotients preserve the structure of an elementary -topos and in particular lift the filter quotient of the underlying elementary topos.
2021
We prove that every elementary (infinity, 1)-topos has a natural number object. We achieve this by defining the loop space of the circle and showing that we can construct a natural number object out o