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Concept
Breton nationalism
Summary
Breton nationalism (Breton: Broadelouriezh Brezhoneg, French: nationalisme Breton) is a form of regional nationalism associated with the region of Brittany in France. The political aspirations of Breton nationalists include the desire to obtain the right to self-rule, whether within France or independently of it, and to acquire more representation within the European Union, United Nations, and other international institutions.
Breton nationalism emerged in various forms over time, which nationalists consider to fall into phases known as "renovations" (emsav). The First Emsav was the birth of the modern Breton movement before 1914; the Second Emsav covers the period 1914-1945; and the Third Emsav for the postwar movements. Breton nationalism has an important cultural component which has long focused on the defense of the Breton and Gallo languages against the French Republic's policies of linguistic imperialism and coercive Francization through the State educational system. Instead, Breton nationalists favor language revival and the expansion of Breton-medium education. They have also been interested in both reviving and preserving the region's uniquely Celtic culture, music and symbols and have occasionally professed forms of pan-Celticism.
The academic Michel Nicolas describes this political tendency of the Breton movement as "a doctrine putting forward the nation, in the state and non-state framework". According to him, the people belonging to this tendency can choose to present themselves as separatists or independentists, that is to say claiming the right to "any nation to a state, and if necessary must be able to separate to create one".
He thus opposes it to regionalism which aims at it for a "administrative redeployment granting autonomy at regional level" (that is to say autonomist), and at the Breton federalism which seeks it to set up a federal organization of the territory.
Prior to the expansion of the Roman Empire into the region, Gallic tribes had occupied the Armorican peninsula, dividing it into five regions that then formed the basis for the Roman administration of the area, and which survived into the period of the Duchy.
Official source
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