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The term chloride refers either to a chloride ion (), which is a negatively charged chlorine atom, or a non-charged chlorine atom covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single bond (). Many inorganic chlorides are salts. Many organic compounds are chlorides. The pronunciation of the word "chloride" is ˈklɔəraɪd. The chloride ion is an anion (negatively charged ion) with the charge Cl-. Chloride salts such as sodium chloride are often soluble in water. It is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating liquid flow in and out of cells. Other examples of ionic chlorides are calcium chloride and ammonium chloride . The chloride is also a neutral chlorine atom covalently bonded by a single bond to the rest of the molecule. For example, methyl chloride is an organic compound with a covalent C−Cl bond in which the chlorine is not an anion. Other examples of covalent chlorides are carbon tetrachloride , sulfuryl chloride and monochloramine . A chloride ion (diameter 167 pm) is much larger than a chlorine atom (diameter 99 pm). The chlorine atom's hold on the valence shell is weaker because the chloride anion has one more electron than it does. The ion is colorless and diamagnetic. In aqueous solution, it is highly soluble in most cases; however, for some chloride salts, such as silver chloride, lead(II) chloride, and mercury(I) chloride, they are only slightly soluble in water. In aqueous solution, chloride is bonded by the protic end of the water molecules. Chloride can be oxidized but not reduced. The first oxidation, as employed in the chlor-alkali process, is conversion to chlorine gas. Chlorine can be further oxidized to other oxides and oxyanions including hypochlorite (ClO−, the active ingredient in chlorine bleach), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), chlorate (ClO3−), and perchlorate (ClO4−). In terms of its acid–base properties, chloride is a weak base as indicated by the negative value of the pKa of hydrochloric acid.

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PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD2019

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Springer2019

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The durability of mortar and paste mixtures with respect to chloride ion ingress was investigated for binary blends of Portland Cement Calcined Clay, and ternary systems of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3). Five clays from various sources with different kaolinite content (17-95%) were studied. The main factor controlling the diffusivity of LC3 systems was found to be the kaolinite content of the clay. Resistance to chloride ingress increased to intermediate levels of kaolinite content and then stabilized. An intermediate kaolinite content of around 50% resulted in two orders of magnitude reduction in diffusivity compared to PC, indicating that the use of high grade (expensive) clays is not necessary to obtain good durability. The chloride binding capacity and distribution of bound chloride between Friedel's salt and C-A-S-H were quantified for the different systems at fixed water to binder ratio of 0.5. The chloride binding capacity appeared to be a minor factor compared to the porosity refinement in the improved durability of LC3 systems.

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Ion

An ion (ˈaɪ.ɒn,_-ən) is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electrons is unequal to its total number of protons. A cation is a positively charged ion with fewer electrons than protons while an anion is a negatively charged ion with more electrons than protons.

Chloride

Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride ˌsoʊdiəm_ˈklɔraɪd, commonly known as salt (although sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. In its edible form, salt (also known as table salt) is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative.

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