Antiparticle

In particle physics, every type of particle is associated with an antiparticle with the same mass but with opposite physical charges (such as electric charge). For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positron (also known as an antielectron). While the electron has a negative electric charge, the positron has a positive electric charge, and is produced naturally in certain types of radioactive decay. The opposite is also true: the antiparticle of the positron is the electron. Some particles, such as the photon, are their own antiparticle. Otherwise, for each pair of antiparticle partners, one is designated as the normal particle (the one that occurs in matter usually interacted with in daily life). The other (usually given the prefix "anti-") is designated the antiparticle. Particle–antiparticle pairs can annihilate each other, producing photons; since the charges of the particle and antiparticle are opposite, total charge is conserved. For example, the positrons produ

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Spectroscopic Ellipsometry as a Tool for On-Line Monitoring and Control of Surface Treatment Processes

Modern material technology relies increasingly on processes for surface modification and coating. Generally, we are lacking a possibility to monitor the progress of such processes. Thus the outcome can only be analyzed after the end of the whole process cycle. We are proposing to use spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) as an on-line monitoring tool. SE, as an optical method, is not affected by high temperatures, process gases, plasmas, etc. It can be used as a monitoring tool or a sensor for closed loop control of processes. The main difficulty is the on-line interpretation of SE data. Depending on the nature of the process monitored or controlled, different models are used for the interpretation. These models predict the SE response depending on different parameters describing the surface under investigation. A fitting process is used to solve the inverse problem, i.e. extracting material data from the SE spectra. We expect increased process stability and shorter development time as a practical benefit from the use of SE.

2006

Measurement of the mass difference between top quark and antiquark in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV

Muhammad Ahmad, Georgios Anagnostou, Konstantin Androsov, Giovanni Bianchi, Roberto Castello, Jie Chen, Yixing Chen, Tian Cheng, Giuseppe Codispoti, Alessandro Degano, Charles Dietz, Milos Dordevic, Dipanwita Dutta, Matthias Finger, Francesco Fiori, Yu Fu, Yifei Guo, Ruchi Gupta, Csaba Hajdu, Alexis Kalogeropoulos, Ji Hyun Kim, Donghyun Kim, Vineet Kumar, Ajay Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar, Ekaterina Kuznetsova, Wei Li, Shuai Liu, Hao Liu, Werner Lustermann, Matteo Marone, Amr Mohamed, Thomas Muller, Ioannis Papadopoulos, Vladimir Petrov, Andrea Rizzi, Paolo Ronchese, Sourav Sen, Varun Sharma, Ashish Sharma, Lesya Shchutska, Muhammad Shoaib, Michal Simon, Gurpreet Singh, Jan Steggemann, Wei Sun, Andromachi Tsirou, Paul Turner, Joao Varela, Jian Wang, Qian Wang, Xiao Wang, Mingkui Wang, Zheng Wang, Matthias Weber, Matthias Wolf, Wenjing Wu, Yong Yang, Fan Yang, Kai Yi, Lei Zhang, Yu Zheng

The invariance of the standard model (SM) under the CPT transformation predicts equality of particle and antiparticle masses. This prediction is tested by measuring the mass difference between the top quark and antiquark ( Δmt=mt−mt‾ ) that are produced in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, using events with a muon or an electron and at least four jets in the final state. The analysis is based on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.6 fb−1 collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, and yields a value of Δmt=−0.15±0.19(stat)±0.09(syst) GeV , which is consistent with the SM expectation. This result is significantly more precise than previously reported measurements.

Elsevier2017

Search for Violations of Lorentz Invariance and CPT Symmetry in B-(s)(0) Mixing

Liupan An, Guido Andreassi, Aurelio Bay, Violaine Bellée, Federico Betti, Marc-Olivier Bettler, Frédéric Blanc, Maxim Borisyak, Peter Clarke, Victor Coco, Greig Alan Cowan, Adam Davis, Michel De Cian, Hans Dijkstra, Mirco Dorigo, Paolo Durante, François Fleuret, Christoph Frei, Sebastiana Gianì, Olivier Göran Girard, Elena Graverini, Guido Haefeli, Xiaoxue Han, Thibaud Humair, Chitsanu Khurewathanakul, Ilya Komarov, Axel Kuonen, Yiming Li, Alessandro Mapelli, Pietro Marino, Maurizio Martinelli, Bastien Luca Muster, Tatsuya Nakada, Matthew Needham, Niko Neufeld, Luca Pescatore, Cédric Potterat, Jessica Prisciandaro, Renato Quagliani, Gerhard Raven, Federico Leo Redi, Olivier Schneider, Maxime Schubiger, Liang Sun, Frédéric Teubert, Mark Tobin, Minh Tâm Tran, Maria Vieites Diaz, Jian Wang, Jean Wicht, Zhirui Xu, Hang Yin, Yi Zhang, Lei Zhang, Yu Zheng

Violations of CPT symmetry and Lorentz invariance are searched for by studying interference effects in B-0 mixing and in B-s(0) mixing. Samples of B-0 -> J/psi K-S(0) and B-0(s) -> J/psi K+K- decays are recorded by the LHCb detector in proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb(-1). No periodic variations of the particle-antiparticle mass differences are found, consistent with Lorentz invariance and CPT symmetry. Results are expressed in terms of the standard model extension parameter Delta a(mu) with precisions of O(10(-15)) and O(10(-14)) GeV for the B-0 and B-s(0) systems, respectively. With no assumption on Lorentz (non) invariance, the CPT-violating parameter z in the B-s(0) system is measured for the first time and found to be Re(z) = -0.022 +/- 0.033 +/- 0.005 and Im(z) = 0.004 +/- 0.011 +/- 0.002, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic.

Amer Physical Soc2016

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