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A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made either partially or entirely out of stone. Although stone tool-dependent societies and cultures still exist today, most stone tools are associated with prehistoric (particularly Stone Age) cultures that have become extinct. Archaeologists often study such prehistoric societies, and refer to the study of stone tools as lithic analysis. Ethnoarchaeology has been a valuable research field in order to further the understanding and cultural implications of stone tool use and manufacture. Stone has been used to make a wide variety of different tools throughout history, including arrowheads, spearheads, hand axes, and querns. Stone tools may be made of either ground stone or knapped stone, the latter fashioned by a flintknapper. Knapped stone tools are made from cryptocrystalline materials such as chert or flint, radiolarite, chalcedony, obsidian, basalt, and quartzite via a process known as lithic reduction. One simple form of r

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Neolithic

The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa. It saw the Neolithic Revolution

Stone Age

The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make stone tools with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years

Archaeology

Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, s

GEOME, a web-based platform for an integrated analysis of spatial environmental and molecular data

Pauline Emery

GEOME is a web-based platform for the combined analysis of spatial environmental and molecular data. It implements tools for population genetics and spatial analysis. It has been developed to provide objective criteria for optimal biodiversity conservation measures. Although resource conservation managers increasingly have to use geo-environmental information and spatial analysis approaches, they do not have the tools and are not trained to do so. The web component of GEOME allows centralized service and technical support, encouraging the emergence of a community of users. GEOME therefore supplies a unique service of decision support based on free environmental data and open-source technologies.

2012

GEOME, A web-based landscape genomics platform for the integrated analysis of spatial environmental and molecular data

Pauline Emery, Stéphane Joost

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Exploring the spatial resolution of TMS-EEG coupling on the sensorimotor region

Sylvain Harquel, Estelle Emeline Raffin

The use of TMS-EEG coupling as a neuroimaging tool for the functional exploration of the human brain recently gained strong interest. If this tool directly inherits the fine temporal resolution from EEG, its spatial counterpart remains unknown. In this study, we explored the spatial resolution of TMS-EEG coupling by evaluating the min-imal distance between two stimulated cortical sites that would significantly evoke different response dynamics. TMS evoked responses were mapped on the sensorimotor region in twenty participants. The stimulation grid was composed of nine targets separated between 10 and 15 mm on average. The dynamical signatures of TMS evoked activity were extracted and compared between sites using both local and remote linear regression scores and spatial generalized mixed models. We found a significant effect of the distance between stimulated sites on their dynamical signatures, neighboring sites showing differentiable response dynamics. Besides, common dynamical signatures were also found between sites up to 25-30 mm from each other. This overlap in dynamical properties decreased with distance and was stronger between sites within the same Brodmann area. Our results suggest that the spatial resolution of TMS-EEG coupling might be at least as high as 10 mm. Furthermore, our results reveal an anisotropic spatial resolution that was higher across than within the same Brodmann areas, in accordance with the TMS induced E-field modeling. Common cytoarchitectonic leading to shared dynamical properties within the same Brodmann area could also explain this anisotropy. Overall, these findings suggest that TMS-EEG benefits from the spatial resolution of TMS, which makes it an accurate technique for meso-scale brain mapping.

ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE2022

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