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Concept

SAT

Summary

The SAT (ˌɛsˌeɪˈtiː ) is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States. Since its debut in 1926, its name and scoring have changed several times. For much of its history, it was called the Scholastic Aptitude Test and had two components, Verbal and Mathematical, each of which was scored on a range from 200 to 800. Later it was called the Scholastic Assessment Test, then the SAT I: Reasoning Test, then the SAT Reasoning Test, then simply the SAT. The SAT is wholly owned, developed, and published by the College Board, a private, not-for-profit organization in the United States. It is administered on behalf of the College Board by the Educational Testing Service, which until shortly before the 2016 redesign of the SAT developed the test and maintained a repository of items (test questions) as well. The test is intended to assess students' readiness for college. Originally designed not to be aligned with high school curricula, several adjustments were made f

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT

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This course provides students with an overview over the basics of environmental chemistry. This includes the chemistry of natural systems, as well as the fate of anthropogenic chemicals in natural systems. It enables students to apply general chemical concepts to natural systems.

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Les concepts de base permettant de comprendre, d'analyser et de concevoir les circuits à base d'AmpliOp, dédiés à l'acquisition et conditionnement des signaux analogiques sont traités en théorie et pratique. Cela englobe l'amplification, le filtrage, la conversion A/N et les générateurs de signaux.

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Related lectures (66)

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Spinon-like excitations in spin-1/2 quantum antiferromagnets

Irina Safiulina

Quantum magnetism remains a hot topic in condensed matter physics due to its complexity and possible powerful and significant applications in data storage and memory. To understand how the materials can achieve these goals, one should have a clear idea about the fundamentals behind it. In this thesis, we focus on three examples that can help us deepen the knowledge in many-body effects, which stand to be crucial for quantum magnetism.(1) The well-known \textbf{CuSO

_4\cdot

_2

O} material has already demonstrated the model behaviour as one-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet in zero and high (

H>H_{sat}

) fields. The fully-polarized magnetic ground state is described by linear spin-wave theory with magnons, whereas at zero field, the excitations are pairs of topological excitations called spinons. In an intermediate field, the dynamic properties are even more complicated. The inelastic spectrum cannot be reproduced without considering exotic elementary excitations and bound states such as psinons and Bethe strings. Although Bethe in 1931 provided an exact solution for 1D Heisenberg systems, there is still no quantitative comparison between theory and experiment.(2) The magnetic ground state and hence the dynamic properties of the gemstone mineral green dioptase, \textbf{Cu

_6[

_6

_{18}]\cdot6

_2

O} are under debate: starting from controversial theories and continuing with non-explained experimental observations. Dioptase is a quasi-one-dimensional spin chain with dominant antiferromagnetic interactions. Recent studies claim the classical spin chain behaviour and absence of any quantum fluctuations in the system. In contrast, our experimental findings indicate the presence of continuous excitations above and below T

_N

.(3) Newly synthesized material \textbf{CuSb

_2

_6

} of rosiaite-type structure tends to become a quantum spin-liquid (QSL) candidate since the magnetic cations Cu

^{2+}

are arranged in trigonal layers, and no long-range order is observed down to 2~K. The idea of QSL on the triangular lattice was proposed by P. Anderson in 1973. Since his work, a lot of efforts have been made to explore deeper, both theoretically and experimentally, this state. As for now, there are several requirements needed to be met -- small spin number, absence of long-range order or spin freezing, long-range entanglement, and the associated fractional spin excitations. We aim to establish whether or not CuSb

_2

_6

can be considered as a potential quantum spin-liquid candidate employing different techniques suitable for a powder sample.

EPFL2022

Recent warming in Greenland in a long-term instrumental (1881-2012) climatic context: I. Evaluation of surface air temperature records

Konrad Steffen

We present an updated analysis of monthly means of daily mean, minimum and maximum surface air temperature (SAT) data from Greenland coastal weather stations and from a long-running site on the Greenland ice sheet, and analyse these data for evidence of climate change, especially focusing on the last 20 years but using the whole periods of available records (some since 1873). We demonstrate very strong recent warming along the west coast of Greenland, especially during winter (locally > 10 degrees C since 1991), and rather weaker warming on the east Greenland coast, which is influenced by different oceanographic/sea-ice and meteorological synoptic forcing conditions to the rest of Greenland. Coastal Greenland seasonal mean SAT trends were generally 2-6 degrees C, strongest in winter (5.7 degrees C) and least in summer and autumn (both 2.2 degrees C), during 1981-2011/12. Since 2001 Greenland mean coastal SAT increased significantly by 2.9 degrees C in winter and 0.8 degrees C in summer but decreased insignificantly by 1.1 degrees C in autumn and 0.2 degrees C in spring, during a period when there was little net change (

Iop Publishing Ltd2012

, , ,

In this paper, we establish a non-trivial duality between tautology and contradiction check to speed up circuit SAT. Tautology check determines if a logic circuit is true in every possible interpretation. Analogously, contradiction check determines if a logic circuit is false in every possible interpretation. A trivial transformation of a (tautology, contradiction) check problem into a (contradiction, tautology) check problem is the inversion of all outputs in a logic circuit. In this work, we show that exact logic inversion is not necessary. We give operator switching rules that selectively exchange tautologies with contradictions, and vice versa. Our approach collapses into logic inversion just for tautology and contradiction extreme points but generates non-complementary logic circuits in the other cases. This property enables computing benefits when an alternative, but equisolvable, instance of a problem is easier to solve than the original one. As a case study, we investigate the impact on SAT. There, our methodology generates a dual SAT instance solvable in parallel with the original one. This concept can be used on top of any other SAT approach and does not impose much overhead, except having to run two solvers instead of one, which is typically not a problem because multi-cores are widespread and computing resources are inexpensive. Experimental results show a 25% speed-up of SAT in a concurrent execution scenario. Also, statistical experiments confirmed that our runtime reduction is not of the random variation type.

IEEE2015