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Concept
Trihalomethane
Summary
In chemistry, trihalomethanes (THMs) are chemical compounds in which three of the four hydrogen atoms of methane () are replaced by halogen atoms. Many trihalomethanes find uses in industry as solvents or refrigerants. THMs are also environmental pollutants, and many are considered carcinogenic. Trihalomethanes with all the same halogen atoms are called haloforms.
Only chloroform has significant applications of the haloforms. In the predominant application, chloroform is required for the production of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), precursor to teflon. Chloroform is fluorinated by reaction with hydrogen fluoride to produce chlorodifluoromethane (R-22). Pyrolysis of chlorodifluoromethane (at 550-750 °C) yields TFE, with difluorocarbene as an intermediate.
CHCl3 + 2 HF -> CHClF2 + 2 HCl
2 CHClF2 -> C2F4 + 2 HCl
Trihalomethanes released to the environment break down faster than chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), thereby doing much less damage to the ozone layer. Trifluoromethane and chlorodifluoromethane are both used as refrigerants. Chlorodifluoromethane is a refrigerant HCFC, or hydrochlorofluorocarbon, while fluoroform is an HFC, or hydrofluorocarbon. Fluoroform is not ozone depleting.
Chloroform is a common solvent in organic chemistry.
The total global flux of chloroform through the environment is approximately 660000 tonnes per year, and about 90% of emissions are natural in origin. Many kinds of seaweed produce chloroform, and fungi are believed to produce chloroform in soil.
Most of the haloformsspecifically, chloroform (), bromoform (), and iodoform ()are easy to prepare through the haloform reaction, although this method does not lend itself to bulk syntheses. (Fluoroform () cannot be prepared in this manner.)
Chloroform is produced by heating mixtures of methane or methyl chloride with chlorine. Dichloromethane is a coproduct.
Bromochlorofluoromethane is one of the simplest possible stable chiral compounds, and is used for studies.
Trihalomethanes were the subject of the first drinking water regulations issued after passage of the U.
Official source
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