Concept

January 4

Summary
46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army. 1642 – English Civil War: King Charles I, accompanied by 400 soldiers, attempts to arrest five members of Parliament for treason, only to discover the men had been tipped off and fled. 1649 – English Civil War: The Rump Parliament votes to put Charles I on trial. 1717 – The Netherlands, Great Britain, and France sign the Triple Alliance. 1762 – Great Britain declares war on Spain, which meant the entry of Spain into the Seven Years' War. 1798 – Constantine Hangerli arrives in Bucharest, Wallachia, as its new Prince, invested by the Ottoman Empire. 1853 – After having been kidnapped and sold into slavery in the American South, Solomon Northup regains his freedom; his memoir Twelve Years a Slave later becomes a national bestseller. 1854 – The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the Samarang. 1863 – The New Apostolic Church, a Christian and chiliastic church, is established in Hamburg, Germany. 1878 – Russo-Turkish War (1877–78): Sofia is liberated from Ottoman rule. 1884 – The Fabian Society is founded in London, United Kingdom. 1885 – Sino-French War: French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing force at Núi Bop in northern Vietnam. 1896 – Utah is admitted as the 45th U.S. state. 1903 – Topsy, an elephant, is electrocuted by the owners of Luna Park, Coney Island. The Edison film company records the film Electrocuting an Elephant of Topsy's death. 1909 – Explorer Aeneas Mackintosh of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition escaped death by fleeing across ice floes. 1912 – The Scout Association is incorporated throughout the British Empire by royal charter. 1918 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Russia, Sweden, Germany and France. 1944 – World War II: Operation Carpetbagger, involving the dropping of arms and supplies to resistance fighters in Europe, begins.
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