Low frequency

Summary

Low frequency (LF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies (RF) in the range of 30–300 kHz. Since its wavelengths range from 10–1 km, respectively, it is also known as the kilometre band or kilometre wave. LF radio waves exhibit low signal attenuation, making them suitable for long-distance communications. In Europe and areas of Northern Africa and Asia, part of the LF spectrum is used for AM broadcasting as the "longwave" band. In the western hemisphere, its main use is for aircraft beacon, navigation (LORAN), information, and weather systems. A number of time signal broadcasts also use this band. The main mode of transmission used in this band is ground waves, in which LF radio waves travel just above the Earth's surface, following the terrain. LF ground waves can travel over hills, and can travel beyond the horizon, up to several hundred kilometers from the transmitter. Propagation Because of their long wavelength, low frequency radio waves can diffract

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_frequency

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Contributions aux études sur le couplage électroacoustique dans les espaces clos en vue du contrôle actif

Pierre-Jean René

The aim of this work was to analyze the global behavior of a loudspeaker exciting a room in the frequency band of its first modes, for the purpose of active control applications. First, the loudspeaker in free field was studied. The characterization of a loudspeaker on the base of equivalent circuits has been established, showing the preponderant importance of the load impedance, determined by near field measurements. Then, the steady state has been modeled and the study has been set on the characterization of the wall impedance, which determines the eigenfrequencies and the amplitude of their modes, as well as charge impedance. The latter which modifies the volume velocity compared with the one in free field, has been characterized. The previous results enable the precise computation of the pressure field in a closed space and excited by a loudspeaker in steady state, according to the wall impedance. For active control purposes, transitory sounds are particularly important, therefore the behavior of a sound field in a room excited by several parameterized sounds has been studied in the time domain. The room response to the source activation could therefore be modeled. This response consists of a free and a transitory state, both of which are qualified through coherent assumptions and observations. Through simulation and systematic experimentation, the loudspeaker-room system has been characterized for a stationary as well as for a transitory sound, revealing the constraints affecting modal active control. Many experiments showed the efficiency of modal active noise control. Observations presented the importance of low frequencies in the annoyance of airplane noise inside rooms. Directives have been given to install active noise reduction system. The main part of this work constitutes an electro acoustical knowledge basis to perform modal active noise control.

EPFL2006

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In the majority of active sound absorbing systems, a conventional electrodynamic loudspeaker is used as a controlled source. However, particular situations may require an actuator that is more resistant to harsh environments, adjustable in shape, and lighter. In this work, a plasma-based electroacoustic actuator operating on the atmospheric corona discharge principle is used to achieve sound absorption in real-time. Two control strategies are introduced and tested for both normal in the impedance tube and grazing incidence in the flow duct. The performance of plasma-based active absorber is competitive with conventional passive technologies in terms of effective absorption bandwidth and low-frequency operation, however, it presents some inherent limitations that are discussed. The study reveals that the corona discharge technology is suitable for active noise control in ducts while offering flexibility in design, compactness, and versatility of the absorption frequency range.

2022

On the damping of room resonances with electroacoustic absorbers in the low frequency range

Romain Boulandet, Hervé Lissek, Iris Rigas, Etienne Thierry Jean-Luc Rivet

In closed spaces, standing waves occur at low frequencies, thus creating annoying acoustic resonances. Such unwanted phenomena are likely to affect the annoyance of noise sources in the low frequency range. Up to date, low-frwquency treatments are mainly based on bulky devices, such as heavy enclosures. To alleviate this problem, electroacoustic absorbers, namely loudspeakers with shunt synthetic electric loads, can be used to damp room modes and then meet noise reduction specifications. Electrodynamic loudspeakers are good candidates for this type of noise control applications. Their mechanical resonance, typically of the order of tens of Hertz, is within the frequency range where acoustic modes to be controlled. The interactions between these dynamic systems are significant, and a consequent amount of the acoustic energy in the room can be passively dissipated through internal losses in the loudspeaker. This paper investigates the design techniques and experimental validation of electroacoustic absorbers with a view to damp the low-frequency acoustic resonances, in the context of the low-frequency noise reduction in inhabitations.

2012

Contributions aux études sur le couplage électroacoustique dans les espaces clos en vue du contrôle actif

Pierre-Jean René

EPFL2006