Magnetic flux quantumThe magnetic flux, represented by the symbol Φ, threading some contour or loop is defined as the magnetic field B multiplied by the loop area S, i.e. Φ = B ⋅ S. Both B and S can be arbitrary, meaning Φ can be as well. However, if one deals with the superconducting loop or a hole in a bulk superconductor, the magnetic flux threading such a hole/loop is quantized. The (superconducting) magnetic flux quantum Φ0 = h/(2e) ≈ is a combination of fundamental physical constants: the Planck constant h and the electron charge e.
Faraday's laws of electrolysisFaraday's laws of electrolysis are quantitative relationships based on the electrochemical research published by Michael Faraday in 1833. Michael Faraday reported that the mass (m) of elements deposited at an electrode is directly proportional to the charge (Q; SI units are ampere seconds or coulombs). Here, the constant of proportionality, Z, is called the electro-chemical equivalent (ECE) of the substance. Thus, the ECE can be defined as the mass of the substance deposited/liberated per unit charge.
FemtometreThe femtometre (American spelling femtometer) symbol fm (derived from the Danish and Norwegian word femten 'fifteen', metrοn) is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equal to 10−15 metres, which means a quadrillionth of one metre. This distance is sometimes called a fermi and was so named in honour of Italian naturalized to American physicist Enrico Fermi, as it is a typical length-scale of nuclear physics. 1000000 zeptometres = 1 femtometre = 1 fermi = 0.
Josephson effectIn physics, the Josephson effect is a phenomenon that occurs when two superconductors are placed in proximity, with some barrier or restriction between them. It is an example of a macroscopic quantum phenomenon, where the effects of quantum mechanics are observable at ordinary, rather than atomic, scale. The Josephson effect has many practical applications because it exhibits a precise relationship between different physical measures, such as voltage and frequency, facilitating highly accurate measurements.
