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Sedation is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure. Examples of drugs which can be used for sedation include isoflurane, diethyl ether, propofol, etomidate, ketamine, pentobarbital, lorazepam and midazolam. Sedation is typically used in minor surgical procedures such as endoscopy, vasectomy, or dentistry and for reconstructive surgery, some cosmetic surgeries, removal of wisdom teeth, or for high-anxiety patients. Sedation methods in dentistry include inhalation sedation (using nitrous oxide), oral sedation, and intravenous (IV) sedation. Inhalation sedation is also sometimes referred to as "relative analgesia". Sedation is also used extensively in the intensive care unit so that patients who are being ventilated tolerate having an endotracheal tube in their trachea. It can also be used during a long term brain EEG to help patient relax. There are studies claiming that sedation accounts for 40 percent to 50 percent procedure-related complications. Airway obstruction, apnea, and hypotension are not uncommon during sedation and require the presence of health professionals who are suitably trained to detect and manage these problems. Aside from the suppression of respiration, risks also include unintended levels of sedation, postoperative somnolence, aspiration, and adverse reactions to sedation medications. Complications could also include perforation, bleeding, and the stimulation of vasovagal reflexes. To avoid sedation risks, care providers conduct a thorough pre-sedation evaluation and this process includes pre-sedation history and physicals with emphasis on the determining characteristics that indicate potential risks to the patient and potential difficult airway management. This process can also reveal if the sedation period needs to be prolonged or additional therapeutic procedures are required.

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Sedative

A sedative or tranquilliser is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement. They are CNS depressants and interact with brain activity causing its deceleration. Various kinds of sedatives can be distinguished, but the majority of them affect the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In spite of the fact that each sedative acts in its own way, most produce relaxing effects by increasing GABA activity. This group is related to hypnotics.

Propofol

Propofol, marketed as Diprivan, among other names, also known as 2,6-Diisopropylphenol, is a short-acting medication that results in a decreased level of consciousness and a lack of memory for events. Its uses include the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, sedation for mechanically ventilated adults, and procedural sedation. It is also used for status epilepticus if other medications have not worked. It is given by injection into a vein, and the maximum effect takes about two minutes to occur and typically lasts five to ten minutes.

Midazolam

Midazolam, sold under the brand name Versed among others, is a benzodiazepine medication used for anesthesia and procedural sedation, and to treat severe agitation. It works by inducing sleepiness, decreasing anxiety, and causing a loss of ability to create new memories. Like other benzodiazepines, it works by increasing the activity of the GABA neurotransmitter in the brain. The drug does not cause an individual to become unconscious, merely to be sedated. It is also useful for the treatment of prolonged (lasting over 5 minutes) seizures.

Quasi-Digital Biosensor-Interface for a Portable Pen to Monitor Anaesthetics Delivery

Sandro Carrara, Francesca Stradolini, Danilo Demarchi, Abuduwaili Tuoheti, Simone Aiassa

Monitoring of patient response to the anaesthetic drugs is an attractive improvement for achieving a correct balance of sedation level, increasing the chance of success in the right procedure of anaesthesia. Nowadays, there are no commercial tools able to ...

IEEE2019

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In this work, we present a novel electrochemical cleaning procedure for long-term electrochemical monitoring of propofol by using boron-doped diamond (BDD) and pencil graphite electrode (PGE). Propofol is an anesthetic that is widely used for long-lasting ...

2018

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Nano-materials are highly exploited to enhance sensing performance of electrochemical electrodes by increasing the Electro-Active Surface Area (EASA). In this work, an analytical calculation of the deposited EASA is presented and experimentally validated b ...

2018

Drug Targets: ligand-gated ion channels and kinase-linked receptors BIO-478: Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics

Explores drug targets in ligand-gated ion channels and kinase-linked receptors, focusing on GABAA receptors, benzodiazepines, and insulin therapy.

Neurotransmitters Overview BIO-480: Neuroscience: from molecular mechanisms to disease

Provides an overview of neurotransmitters, their roles in sleep, addiction, and LTP, and the study of addictive behaviors.