Azoles are a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom and at least one other non-carbon atom (i.e. nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen) as part of the ring. Their names originate from the Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature. The parent compounds are aromatic and have two double bonds; there are successively reduced analogs (azolines and azolidines) with fewer. One, and only one, lone pair of electrons from each heteroatom in the ring is part of the aromatic bonding in an azole. Names of azoles maintain the prefix upon reduction (e.g., pyrazoline, pyrazolidine). The numbering of ring atoms in azoles starts with the heteroatom that is not part of a double bond, and then proceeds towards the other heteroatom.
Imidazole and other five-membered aromatic heterocyclic systems with two nitrogens are extremely common in nature and form the core of many biomolecules, such as histidine.
Nitrogen only
Imidazol.svg|[[Imidazole]]
Pyrazol.svg|[[Pyrazole]]
1,2,3-Triazole structure.svg|[[1,2,3-Triazole]]
1,2,4-Triazole structure.svg|[[1,2,4-Triazole]]
Tetrazole Structural Formulae.png|[[Tetrazole]]
Pentazol.svg|[[Pentazole]]
N,O compounds
Oxazol.svg|[[Oxazole]]
Isoxazol.svg|[[Isoxazole]]
1,2,3-oxadiazole.svg|1,2,3-oxadiazole (unstable)
1,2,4-oxadiazole.svg|[Oxadiazole]
1,2,5-oxadiazole.svg|[Furazan]
1,3,4-oxadiazole.svg |1,3,4-oxadiazole
N,S compounds
Thiazol.svg|[[Thiazole]]
Isothiazol - Isothiazole.svg|[[Isothiazole]]
1,2,3-thiadiazole-2D-skeletal.png |[Thiadiazole]
1,2,4-thiadiazole-2D-skeletal.png |1,2,4-thiadiazole
1,2,5-thiadiazole-2D-skeletal.png |1,2,5-thiadiazole
1,3,4-thiadiazole-2D-skeletal.png |1,3,4-thiadiazole
The search for antifungal agents with acceptable toxicity profiles led first to the discovery of ketoconazole, the first azole-based oral treatment of systemic fungal infections, in the early 1980s. Later, triazoles fluconazole and itraconazole, with a broader spectrum of antifungal activity and improved safety profile were developed.
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Imidazole (ImH) is an organic compound with the formula C3N2H4. It is a white or colourless solid that is soluble in water, producing a mildly alkaline solution. In chemistry, it is an aromatic heterocycle, classified as a diazole, and has non-adjacent nitrogen atoms in meta-substitution. Many natural products, especially alkaloids, contain the imidazole ring. These imidazoles share the 1,3-C3N2 ring but feature varied substituents. This ring system is present in important biological building blocks, such as histidine and the related hormone histamine.
Azoles are a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom and at least one other non-carbon atom (i.e. nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen) as part of the ring. Their names originate from the Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature. The parent compounds are aromatic and have two double bonds; there are successively reduced analogs (azolines and azolidines) with fewer. One, and only one, lone pair of electrons from each heteroatom in the ring is part of the aromatic bonding in an azole.
A triazole is a heterocyclic compound featuring a five-membered ring of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with molecular formula C2H3N3. Triazoles exhibit substantial isomerism, depending on the positioning of the nitrogen atoms within the ring. Many triazoles are versatile, biologically active compounds commonly used as fungicides and plant retardants. However, triazoles are also useful in bioorthogonal chemistry, because the large number of nitrogen atoms causes triazoles to react similar to azides.
Explores methods of microbial control, including heat, radiation, filtration, pasteurization, and antibiotics, as well as the challenges of antimicrobial resistance.
Nitrogen-containing moieties are widespread in natural waters in dissolved organic nitrogen and micropollu-tants. They are often susceptible to an electrophilic attack of ozone because of the electron