Fundamental theorem of calculus

The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept of differentiating a function (calculating its slopes, or rate of change at each time) with the concept of integrating a function (calculating the area under its graph, or the cumulative effect of small contributions). The two operations are inverses of each other apart from a constant value which depends on where one starts to compute area. The first part of the theorem, the first fundamental theorem of calculus, states that for a function f , an antiderivative or indefinite integral F may be obtained as the integral of f over an interval with a variable upper bound. This implies the existence of antiderivatives for continuous functions. Conversely, the second part of the theorem, the second fundamental theorem of calculus, states that the integral of a function f over a fixed interval is equal to the change of any antiderivative F between the ends of the interval. This greatly simplifies the calculation of a definite integral provided an antiderivative can be found by symbolic integration, thus avoiding numerical integration. History of calculus The fundamental theorem of calculus relates differentiation and integration, showing that these two operations are essentially inverses of one another. Before the discovery of this theorem, it was not recognized that these two operations were related. Ancient Greek mathematicians knew how to compute area via infinitesimals, an operation that we would now call integration. The origins of differentiation likewise predate the fundamental theorem of calculus by hundreds of years; for example, in the fourteenth century the notions of continuity of functions and motion were studied by the Oxford Calculators and other scholars. The historical relevance of the fundamental theorem of calculus is not the ability to calculate these operations, but the realization that the two seemingly distinct operations (calculation of geometric areas, and calculation of gradients) are actually closely related.

Maximum Radiation Efficiency of an Implantable Antenna: The Role of High-Order Modes

Anja Skrivervik, Mingxiang Gao, Jakub Liska

A combination of two numerical techniques of computational electromagnetics, namely, method of moments and vector spherical wave expansion, is used to show performance limitations on the radiation efficiency of implantable antennas and to efficiently resol ...

IEEE2023

On the Maximum Power Density of Implanted Antennas within Simplified Body Phantoms

Anja Skrivervik, Zvonimir Sipus, Mingxiang Gao

With the application requirements of wireless technology in implantable bioelectronics, knowledge of the fundamental limits for implanted antennas becomes critical. In this work, we investigated the variation of maximum power density within simplified body ...

IEEE2022