HLM

An habitation à loyer modéré (HLM, aʃ ɛl ɛm, housing at moderate rent), is a form of low-income housing in France, Algeria, Senegal, and Quebec. It may be public or private, with rent subsidies. HLMs constitute 16% of all housing in France. There are approximately four million such residences, housing an estimated 10 million people. The standard of living in the HLM housing projects is often the lowest in the country. 72% of French HLMs built before 2001 (and 95% of those built between 2001 and 2011) are small buildings or individual houses. The average size of buildings is 20 apartments. Construction of HLM is mainly financed by funds collected on Livret A, a type of savings account regulated by the Caisse des dépôts et consignations. In 2011, the French people have placed 280 billion euros on this type of savings account. Public housing in France The HLM system was created in 1950 in response to France's postwar housing crisis. The low level of construction during and between the two world wars, the rural exodus that had started to take place in France (directed mainly at Île-de-France, the Paris region) and the baby boom, contributed to a deficit of an estimated four million residences. Eugène Claudius-Petit, the Minister for Reconstruction and Urbanisation, promoted a scheme of massive construction of socially subsidised residences to address this problem. The new system took its foundations from the HBM (habitation à bon marché – "inexpensive housing") system, which had been created in 1889 and financed mainly by charitable sources rather than the state. The level of social construction did not significantly rise until minister Pierre Courant launched an ambitious plan in 1956, warranted by the increased rate of immigration from France's former colonies. Courant's plan had the goal of construction of at least 240,000 residences each year, and it was an unexpected success: from 1956 on, there were more than 300,000 new residences built annually, with a good number of them HLM. In 1964, there were 95,000 new HLM apartments.

Colombage 2.0: entre tradition et innovation

Alsace et colombage sont fréquemment associés. Et pour cause, l’abondance des constructions vernaculaires à colombages dans les centres villes historiques en a fait l’un des symboles emblématiques de ma région natale. Les façades aux couleurs vives se succèdent à perte de vue le long des rues et des ruelles; elles confèrent au paysage urbain de nombreux villages du vignoble cette marque distinctive particulière “Made in Alsace”. En façade, le jeu subtil entre boiseries apparentes et remplissage laisse entrevoir tout le savoir-faire constructif de nos ancêtres; au travers de complexes assemblages, structure porteuse et agencement intérieur de ces maisons traditionnelles se dévoilent. Réconcilier cet esprit de la maison traditionnelle alsacienne tout en intégrant naturellement et harmonieusement les exigences esthétiques et le confort contemporains, tel est l’enjeu d’une habitation à colombage du XXIe siècle. Le projet investit une “dent creuse” dans l’enceinte médiévale de la ville de Riquewihr, située à 20 km de Colmar, pour y réinterpréter ce système de construction oublié. Au bord de la rue principale, les nouvelles habitations s’inspirent du contexte et reprennent la forme traditionnelle des boîtes à toit incliné du tissu médiéval environnant. Un rez-de-chaussée commercial en béton assure l’alignement urbain de la nouvelle construction tout en offrant un socle pour la structure porteuse en bois des deux boîtes dédiées à l’habitation. Ce cas d’étude cherche à proposer une solution architecturale généralisable à toute nouvelle construction à colombage.

2018

Colombage 2.0: entre tradition et innovation

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Colombage 2.0: entre tradition et innovation