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A tower is a tall structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant factor. Towers are distinguished from masts by their lack of guy-wires and are therefore, along with tall buildings, self-supporting structures. Towers are specifically distinguished from buildings in that they are built not to be habitable but to serve other functions using the height of the tower. For example, the height of a clock tower improves the visibility of the clock, and the height of a tower in a fortified building such as a castle increases the visibility of the surroundings for defensive purposes. Towers may also be built for observation, leisure, or telecommunication purposes. A tower can stand alone or be supported by adjacent buildings, or it may be a feature on top of a larger structure or building. Etymology Old English torr is from Latin turris via Old French tor. The Latin term together with Greek τύρσις was loaned from a pre-Indo-European Mediterranean language, connected wit

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Electromagnetic field associated with lightning return strokes to a tall structure: influence of channel geometry

José-Luis Bermudez

The paper is a contribution to the studies of factors that can affect electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields associated with lightning return strokes to tall structure. Herein, the influence of lightning channel inclination upon vertical E-field and azimuthal H-field is analyzed. Input parameters of the simulation (injected current, properties of the tower and of the channel, etc.) are derived from experimental observations. Current distribution is calculated adopting a one-section transmission line model (1TL). For a few characteristic cases of non-vertical channel orientation, E- and H-fields produced at 2 km distance by a lightning strike to the CN tower (546-m height) are computed, and compared to those of the vertical-channel case ("A"). For considered conditions, E-field first peak values differ from the basic case "A" by +9 to - 22 %, while at late-time period (within 10 μs) E-values can differ by +152 to -75 %. For H-field, corresponding deviations are smaller: +7 to -16 % and +87 to -61 %

2003

Use of genetic algorithms to extract primary lightning current parameters

José-Luis Bermudez

In this paper, we propose a method based on genetic algorithms to extract primary lightning return stroke current parameters from currents measured using instrumented towers, including the possibility of contamination by multiple reflections occuring along the tower. The algorithm allows additionally the evaluation of reflection coefficients at the top and at the bottom of the tower. The proposed method is validated using first theoretically-generated current waveforms and then, using experimental data of lightning current measured at Peissenberg tower

2002

An analysis of the initiation of upward flashes from tall towers with particular reference to Gaisberg and Säntis Towers

Marcos Rubinstein, Alaleh Tajalli

In this paper, we present an analysis of the lightning events preceding initiation of upward lightning flashes from the Gaisberg and the Santis Towers. It is found that the majority of upward lightning discharges from both towers are initiated without any preceding lightning activity. We show also that the results of the presented studies on the initiation of upward flashes from tall structures might be affected by the selected parameters of the study, namely the time and distance intervals used to identify the triggering events. Preceding events had the same polarity as triggered flashes in the case of the Santis Tower and had opposite polarities in the case of the Gaisberg Tower. The effect of seasonal and temperature variations have been also analyzed. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd2015