Cancer screening

Summary

Cancer screening aims to detect cancer before symptoms appear. This may involve blood tests, urine tests, DNA tests, other tests, or medical imaging. The benefits of screening in terms of cancer prevention, early detection and subsequent treatment must be weighed against any harms. Universal screening, also known as mass screening or population screening, involves screening everyone, usually within a specific age group. Selective screening identifies people who are known to be at higher risk of developing cancer, such as people with a family history of cancer. Screening can lead to false positive results and subsequent invasive procedures. Screening can also lead to false negative results, where an existing cancer is missed. Controversy arises when it is not clear if the benefits of screening outweigh the risks of the screening procedure itself, and any follow-up diagnostic tests and treatments. Screening tests must be effective, safe, well tolerate

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_screening

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Instrumentation for real-time fluorescence lifetime imaging in endoscopy

Thomas Stepinac, André Studzinski, Hubert van den Bergh, Georges Wagnières

The fluorescence lifetime of living tissues is, in certain cases, related to their pathol. state and is therefore of interest for cancer detection. Measuring fluorescence lifetime in vivo during an endoscopic examn. has thus been a challenging objective for several years. The present article deals with the development and first clin. trails of an instrumentation producing fluorescence lifetime images in real time. The acquisition of such fast phenomenon (nanosecond time scale) on an image has been made possible by using the homodyne detection approach, in which the excitation light and the detection gain are modulated in a phase-coherent way. Based on images acquired at different phase between the excitation and detection modulation, the fluorescence lifetime is calcd. for each pixel of the image. Different configurations of excitation modulation characteristics (pulse train vs. sine-wave amplitude modulation) have been investigated and compared using Fourier transforms. Interestingly, a pulsed excitation combined with a sine-wave modulation detection gives valuable results. The expected auto-fluorescence signal emitted by human tissues under subthermal light excitation irradiance has been estd. at the wavelengths of interest. The limited no. of auto-fluorescence photons results in relatively high noise on the lifetime calcd. The typical std. deviation is about 125 ps for lifetimes of 2.5 ns with a 322-pixel image (spatial integration). An in vivo image in the bronchi illustrates the potentiality of the new instrumentation. The results of this preliminary study indicate that the healthy bronchial mucosa, excited in the blue or in the green, fluoresces with a lifetime of 2.5 ns.

1999

Improvement of the Contrast in Cancer Detection by Autofluorescence Bronchoscopy using a narrow spectral violet Excitation: A preliminary study

Tanja Gabrecht, Blaise Lovisa, Hubert van den Bergh, Georges Wagnières

Autofluorescence (AF) bronchoscopy is a useful tool for early cancer detection. However, the mechanisms involved in this diagnosis procedure are poorly understood. We present a clinical autofluorescence imaging study to assess the depth of the principal contrast mechanisms within the bronchial tissue comparing a narrowband (superficial) and broadband (penetrating) violet excitation. Knowledge of this parameter is crucial for the optimization of the spectral and optical design of clinical diagnostic AF imaging devices. An intensity contrast improvement was observed with the narrowband excitation, suggesting that the heme absorption plays a key role in the AF contrast mechanism.

2007

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Autofluorescence (AF) bronchoscopy is a useful tool for early cancer detection. However the mechanisms involved in this diagnosis procedure are poorly understood. We present a clinical autofluorescence imaging study to assess the depth of the principal contrast mechanisms within the bronchial tissue comparing a narrowband (superficial) and broadband (penetrating) violet excitation. Knowledge of this parameter is crucial for the optimization of the spectral and optical design of clinical diagnostic AF imaging devices. An intensity contrast improvement was observed with the narrowband excitation, suggesting that the heme absorption plays a key role in the AF contrast mechanism. Copyright © 2006 IFAC.

2006