Writing system

Summary

A writing system is a method of visually representing verbal communication, based on a script and a set of rules regulating its use. While both writing and speech are useful in conveying messages, writing differs in also being a reliable form of information storage and transfer. Writing systems require shared understanding between writers and readers of the meaning behind the sets of characters that make up a script. Without a mutual understanding of the meanings behind both writing and reading (via things like literacy, reading comprehension, transliteration, and translation), a writing system can be rendered useless. Writing is usually recorded onto a durable medium, such as paper or electronic storage, although non-durable methods may also be used, such as writing on a computer display, on a blackboard, in sand, or by skywriting. Reading a text can be accomplished purely in the mind as an internal process, or expressed orally. Writing systems can be placed into broad categories

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system

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Character-level Neural Machine Translation(NMT) models have recently achieved impressive results on many language pairs. They mainly do well for Indo-European language pairs, where the languages share the same writing system. However, for translating between Chinese and English, the gap between the two different writing systems poses a ma-jor challenge because of a lack of systematic correspondence between the individual linguistic units.In this paper, we enable character-level NMT for Chinese, by breaking down Chinese characters into linguistic units similar to that of Indo-European languages. We use the Wubi encoding scheme, which preserves the original shape and semantic in-formation of the characters, while also being reversible. We show promising results from training Wubi-based models on the character-and subword-level with recurrent as well as convolutional models.

Association for Computational Linguistics2018

Quantifying Collaboration in Synchronous Document Editing

Louis Antoine Baligand, Stian Haklev, Jennifer Kaitlyn Olsen, Adrian Pierre Sergio Pace

Collaborative synchronous writing tools like Google Docs and Etherpad let multiple users edit the same document and see each others edits in near real-time to simplify collaboration and avoid merge-conflicts. These tools are used extensively across many domains, including education, in both research and industry. The very nature of needing to constantly synchronize state between multiple users means that very granular editing data is automatically captured and stored. In theory, this data could provide important insights into the editing process, the contributions of the different users, how the text developed over time, and other questions relevant to researchers studying writing from different theoretical and methodological angles. However, this extreme granularity of the data (down to individual key presses), makes analysis very complex. Most of the research focused on automatic analysis of collaborative writing to date has focused on asynchronous writing, and looked at the "diffs" between one editing session and the next. In this paper, we present a method and a tool to construct informative operations from text data, as well as preliminary metrics for measuring the collaborative writing process. Additionally, our method adds to previous work in that it can be used to assess the writing during the writing process rather than just being applied to an end product.

2018

Re-writing scheme for solid-state storage devices

Yuval Cassuto, Mohammad Amin Shokrollahi, Luoming Zhang

A multi-level cell flash memory storage device has cells wherein different charge levels represent different information. The storage device can read stored charge from one or more cells, store a rewrite generation value for a group of a plurality of cells in a block of cells, and write to cells, wherein writing to one or more cells without an erase includes an increment of the rewrite generation value, and includes circuitry for reading from cells, including circuitry for reading the rewrite generation value. The storage device can include circuitry for reading from cells includes within the multi-level cell flash memory storage device logic for calculating a stored value of the cells using the rewrite generation value and relative levels of charge on a plurality of cells. The storage device can track hot addresses and cold addresses and perform static or dynamic wear leveling based on accumulated rewrite generation values.

2014