Système d'écriture

vignette|400px|Carte légendée des systèmes d'écriture dans le monde. Un système d’écriture est un ensemble organisé et plus ou moins standardisé de signes d'écriture permettant la communication des idées. En général, il s'agit de la transcription de la parole énoncée dans une langue parlée : on parle alors de glottographie. Il existe cependant des systèmes transmettant des idées sans l'intermédiaire direct de la parole : on parle alors de sémasiographie, que tous les spécialistes ne s'accordent cependant pas à considérer comme de véritables systèmes d'écriture ; on parle donc également de pré-écriture ou de proto-écriture. Dans le cas d'un système de signes conçu pour permettre la communication universelle de concepts au-delà de la barrière des langues, on parle spécifiquement de pasigraphie. Alors que l'écriture et la parole sont utiles pour transmettre un message, l'écriture se différencie comme étant aussi une forme de trace et de transfert de l'information. Le processus d'encoda

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Character-level Chinese-English Translation through ASCII Encoding

Mi Xue Tan

Character-level Neural Machine Translation(NMT) models have recently achieved impressive results on many language pairs. They mainly do well for Indo-European language pairs, where the languages share the same writing system. However, for translating between Chinese and English, the gap between the two different writing systems poses a ma-jor challenge because of a lack of systematic correspondence between the individual linguistic units.In this paper, we enable character-level NMT for Chinese, by breaking down Chinese characters into linguistic units similar to that of Indo-European languages. We use the Wubi encoding scheme, which preserves the original shape and semantic in-formation of the characters, while also being reversible. We show promising results from training Wubi-based models on the character-and subword-level with recurrent as well as convolutional models.

Association for Computational Linguistics2018

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Quantifying Collaboration in Synchronous Document Editing

Louis Antoine Baligand, Stian Haklev, Jennifer Kaitlyn Olsen, Adrian Pierre Sergio Pace

Collaborative synchronous writing tools like Google Docs and Etherpad let multiple users edit the same document and see each others edits in near real-time to simplify collaboration and avoid merge-conflicts. These tools are used extensively across many domains, including education, in both research and industry. The very nature of needing to constantly synchronize state between multiple users means that very granular editing data is automatically captured and stored. In theory, this data could provide important insights into the editing process, the contributions of the different users, how the text developed over time, and other questions relevant to researchers studying writing from different theoretical and methodological angles. However, this extreme granularity of the data (down to individual key presses), makes analysis very complex. Most of the research focused on automatic analysis of collaborative writing to date has focused on asynchronous writing, and looked at the "diffs" between one editing session and the next. In this paper, we present a method and a tool to construct informative operations from text data, as well as preliminary metrics for measuring the collaborative writing process. Additionally, our method adds to previous work in that it can be used to assess the writing during the writing process rather than just being applied to an end product.

2018

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Re-writing scheme for solid-state storage devices

Yuval Cassuto, Mohammad Amin Shokrollahi, Luoming Zhang

A multi-level cell flash memory storage device has cells wherein different charge levels represent different information. The storage device can read stored charge from one or more cells, store a rewrite generation value for a group of a plurality of cells in a block of cells, and write to cells, wherein writing to one or more cells without an erase includes an increment of the rewrite generation value, and includes circuitry for reading from cells, including circuitry for reading the rewrite generation value. The storage device can include circuitry for reading from cells includes within the multi-level cell flash memory storage device logic for calculating a stored value of the cells using the rewrite generation value and relative levels of charge on a plurality of cells. The storage device can track hot addresses and cold addresses and perform static or dynamic wear leveling based on accumulated rewrite generation values.

2014

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Unicode

vignette|Logo Unicode.|200x200px Unicode est un standard informatique qui permet des échanges de textes dans différentes langues, à un niveau mondial. Il est développé par le Consortium Unicode, qui v

Alphabet latin

alt=|vignette|350x350px|Distribution de l'alphabet latin. L'alphabet latin' est un alphabet bicaméral comportant vingt-six lettres de base, principalement utilisé pour écrire les langues d’Europe de

Alphabet

thumb|Lettres de l'alphabet phénicien. Un alphabet (de alpha et bêta, les deux premières lettres de l’alphabet grec) est un système d'écriture constitué d'un ensemble de symboles dont chacun représent

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