World War II casualties

World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. An estimated total of 70–85 million people perished, or about 3% of the 2.3 billion (est.) people on Earth in 1940. Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civilian fatalities) are estimated at 50–56 million, with an additional estimated 19–28 million deaths from war-related disease and famine. Civilian deaths totaled 50–55 million. Military deaths from all causes totaled 21–25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war. More than half of the total number of casualties are accounted for by the dead of the Republic of China and of the Soviet Union. The tables below give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses. Statistics on the number of military wounded are included whenever available. Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the topic of Second World War casualties. Research in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Unio

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Post-Punching Behavior of Flat Slabs

Miguel Fernández Ruiz, Yaser Mirzaei, Aurelio Muttoni

Reinforced concrete flat slabs are a common structural system for cast-in-place concrete slabs. Failures in punching shear near the column regions are typically governing at ultimate. In case no punching shear or integrity reinforcement is placed, failures in punching develop normally in a brittle manner with almost no warning signs. Furthermore, the residual strength after punching is, in general, significantly lower than the punching load. Thus, punching of a single column of a flat slab overloads adjacent columns and can potentially lead to their failure on punching, thus triggering the progressive collapse of the structure. Over the past decades, several collapses have been reported due to punching shear failures, resulting in human casualties and extensive damage. Other than placing conventional punching shear reinforcement, the deformation capacity and residual strength after punching can also be enhanced by placing integrity reinforcement to avoid progressive collapses of flat slabs. This paper presents the main results of an extensive experimental campaign performed at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) on the role of integrity reinforcement by means of 20 slabs with dimensions of 1500 x 1500 x 125 mm (≈5 ft x 5 ft x 5 in.) and various integrity reinforcement layouts. The performance and robustness of the various solutions is investigated to obtain physical explanations and a consistent design model for the load-carrying mechanisms and strength after punching failures.

ACI Structural Journal2013

EaRL: Toolbox for Earthquake Risk and Loss Assessment of Building Assets

Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Elkady, Seong-Hoon Hwang, Dimitrios Lignos

Infrastructure (asset) risk management is essential for a resilient environment. Several industries are concerned to improve their building asset preparedness subject to seismic hazard. To this end, the development of software tools that quantify and assess the potential risk of our assets subject to earthquakes is essential. These tools can facilitate the decision-making for appropriate pre-disaster measures based on robust risk and loss metrics. They can also facilitate the utilization of state-of-the-art building technology such that investments, that strengthen our assets, can be prioritized in such a way that human casualties, injuries, and losses are minimized. This paper presents an interactive toolbox that facilitates story-based building-specific earthquake-induced risk and loss assessment. The toolbox builds on concepts of uncertainty quantification, and risk-based assessment methodologies within the context of performance-based earthquake engineering. It provides the loss vulnerability curves as well as expected annual losses that explicitly consider structural and non-structural repairs, losses due to collapse, and building demolition due to residual deformations in the aftermath of earthquakes. Monetary losses can be further disaggregated using a range of visualization options to help make informed design/retrofit decisions. The capabilities of the toolbox are demonstrated through an illustrative example of a conventional steel frame office building subjected to earthquake hazard.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great pow

Europe

Europe is a continent comprising the westernmost peninsulas of Eurasia, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eur

Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominal