Multiracial people

Multiracial people or mixed-race people are people of more than one race. A variety of terms have been used both historically and presently for mixed race people in a variety of contexts, including multiethnic, polyethnic, occasionally bi-ethnic, Métis, Muwallad, Colored, Dougla, half-caste, ʻafakasi, mestizo, mutt, Melungeon, quadroon, octoroon, sambo/zambo, Eurasian, hapa, hāfu, Garifuna, pardo, and Gurans. A number of these terms are now considered offensive, in addition to those that were initially coined for pejorative use. "Melezi" are called the offspring of Muslim Romani men and woman of host populations. Individuals of mixed-race backgrounds make up a significant portion of the population in many parts of the world. In North America, studies have found that the mixed race population is continuing to grow. In many countries of Latin America, mestizos make up the majority of the population and in some others also mulattoes. In the Caribbean, mixed race people officially make up the majority of the population in the Dominican Republic (73%), Aruba (68%), and Cuba (51%). While defining race is controversial, race remains a commonly used term for classification, often related to visible physical characteristics or known community. In so far as race is defined differently in different cultures, perceptions of mixed race are subjective. According to U.S. sociologist Troy Duster and ethicist Pilar Ossorio: Some percentage of people who look native European will possess genetic markers indicating that a significant majority of their recent ancestors were African. Some percentage of people who look African or native African will possess genetic markers indicating the majority of their recent ancestors were European. In the United States: Many state and local agencies comply with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 1997 revised standards for the collection, tabulation, and presentation of federal data on race and ethnicity.

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Multiracial people

Caribbean

The Caribbean (ˌkærᵻˈbiːən,_kəˈrɪbiən , ˈkærɪbiæn ; el Caribe; les Caraïbes; de Caraïben) is a subregion of the Americas that includes the Caribbean Sea and its islands, some of which are surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some of which border both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean; the nearby coastal areas on the mainland are often also included in the region. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, and north of South America.

Melting pot

A melting pot is a monocultural metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting together" with a common culture; an alternative being a homogeneous society becoming more heterogeneous through the influx of foreign elements with different cultural backgrounds, possessing the potential to create disharmony within the previous culture. It can also create a harmonious hybridized society known as cultural amalgamation.

Wastewater and green waste biorefinery Degradation of simple sugars using mixed cultures of purple non-sulfur bacteria: an insight into microbial interactions

Guillaume Crosset-Perrotin

Purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are phototrophic organisms that have raised interest for both industrial and domestic wastewater treatment and valorization because of their very high assimilation (~1 g CODX g-1 COD substrate) and valuable compounds production (i.e hydrogen, polyhydroxyalkanoates, pigments). PNSB have been studied mostly in pure- or co-cultures with fermentative bacteria. Mixed cultures have been little described. This work aims to enrich a stable association of fermenters and PNSB on a carbohydrate-rich wastewater in a single-step process with a mixed culture. Batches with glucose and acetate at different concentrations were inoculated with an in-house mixed-culture. A chemostat was continuously supplied with glucose (5 g COD L-1) and run at a dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 after start-up under batch mode and baseline stabilization of the PNSB enrichment with acetate. The reactor was constantly illuminated with a light filtered at wavelengths superior to 700 nm. Biomass, pigments expression and substrate depletion were tracked along the experiment. A model was developed to anticipate the biomass growth and the substrates consumption. In the batches fed with acetate, PNSB were dominant in purple biomass (>80% vs. total sequencing read count). The main PNSB population were Rhodopseudomonas and Rhodobacter. With glucose, the biomass turned white. The fermenter Enterobacter dominated the microbiomes (>95% abundance). In the stirred-tank reactor, batch operation with acetate led to the production of a substantial biomass enriched in PNSB (4.0 g VSS L-1) that assimilated the nutrients in a molar C-N-P ratio of 100:9.5:0.1 (- n/n/n). Under chemostat regime with glucose, PNSB were efficiently associated with fermenters in a biomass of 1.0-1.5 g VSS L-1. Phase-contrast microscopy displayed the typical morphotypes of Rhodopseudomonas and the fermenter Clostridium. The glucose was completely depleted. The main fermentation products were acetate (between 3 and 10 mmol L-1), ethanol (between 6 and 9 mmol L-1) and butyrate (between 2 and 4 mmol L-1). The hydrogen yield was low (0.033±0.012 mol H2 mol-1 glucose). A fermenters-PNSB mixed culture was successfully built by microbial community engineering by harnessing the chemostat regime to establish the ecological niches and interactions of these organisms. It provides an excellent opportunity to clean carbohydrate-rich wastewater in a compact single-stage process. In the case of direct application of PNSB, a concentrated biomass can be produced. The biomass can even find interesting applications for resource recovery in the form of, e.g., a protein-rich fertilizing biomass (on food and agricultural aqueous wastes), biogas, bulk chemicals and biopolymers.

2019

Two-Way Plots Based On Mixed Traces

Thomas Gsponer

The two-way plot is a well-known tool to visualize the fit of a two-way table. An additive fit can be represented by two sets of parallel traces, whose intersection ordinates equal the fitted values. Based on linear traces, a variety of other two-way plots were investigated recently. In this work we present two-way plots based on general traces. We show that the resulting fits equal the ones using linear traces. Hence, we also study mixed traces: hyperbolic ones to represent the columns and linear ones to represent the rows of a two-way table.

Bundesamt für Statistik2002

Two-Way Plots Based on Mixed Traces

Thomas Gsponer

Generalisation of the two-way plot based on linear traces introduced by Morgenthaler and Tukey.

2001