GlyptodonAutomatic taxobox | fossil_range = Pliocene?-Pleistocene (Montehermosan?–Lujanian)~ | image = Glyptodon-1.jpg | image_caption = Skeleton of G. clavipes at the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna | taxon = Glyptodon | authority = Owen, 1839 | type_species = Glyptodon clavipes | type_species_authority = Owen, 1839 | subdivision_ranks = Other Species | subdivision = * G. elongatus? Burmeister, 1866 G. jatunkhirkhi Cuadrelli et al., 2020 G. munizi Ameghino, 1881 G. reticulatus Owen, 1845 | range_map = Glyptodon and Glyptotherium Distribution Map2.
Columbian mammothThe Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) is an extinct species of mammoth that inhabited the Americas as far north as the Northern United States and as far south as Costa Rica during the Pleistocene epoch. The Columbian mammoth descended from mammoths that colonised North America around 1.5 million years ago, that later hybridised with woolly mammoths during the Middle Pleistocene, prior to 420,000 years ago. The Columbian mammoth was among the last mammoth species, and the pygmy mammoths evolved from them on the Channel Islands of California.
GlyptotheriumAutomatic taxobox | fossil_range = Early Pliocene-Early Holocene (Blancan-Rancholabrean) (Ensenadan-Lujanian)~ | image = Glyptotherium.jpg | image_caption = G. texanum, National Museum of Natural History | taxon = Glyptotherium | authority = Osborn, 1903 | type_species = Glyptotherium texanum | type_species_authority = Osborn, 1903 | subdivision_ranks = Other Species | subdivision = * G. cylindricum (Brown, 1912) | range_map = Glyptodon and Glyptotherium Distribution Map2.
EremotheriumEremotherium (from Greek for "steppe" or "desert beast": ἔρημος "steppe or desert" and θηρίον "beast") is an extinct genus of giant ground sloth in the family Megatheriidae. Eremotherium lived in the southern North America, Central America, and northern South America from the Pliocene, around 5.3 million years ago, to the end of the Late Pleistocene, around 10,000 years ago. Eremotherium was widespread in tropical and subtropical lowlands and lived there in partly open and closed landscapes, while its close relative Megatherium lived in more temperate climes of South America.
Quaternary extinction eventThe latter half of the Late Pleistocene to the beginning of the Holocene (~50,000-10,000 years Before Present) saw extinctions of numerous predominantly megafaunal species, which resulted in a collapse in faunal density and diversity across the globe. The extinctions during the Late Pleistocene are differentiated from previous extinctions by the widespread absence of ecological succession to replace these extinct megafaunal species, and the regime shift of previously established faunal relationships and habitats as a consequence.
MegatheriumMegatherium (mɛɡəˈθɪəriəm ; from Greek méga (μέγα) 'great' + theríon (θηρίον) 'beast') is an extinct genus of ground sloths endemic to South America that lived from the Early Pliocene through the end of the Pleistocene. It is best known for the elephant-sized type species M. americanum, sometimes called the giant ground sloth, or the megathere, native to the Pampas through southern Bolivia during the Pleistocene. Various other smaller species belonging to the subgenus Pseudomegatherium are known from the Andes.
Great American InterchangeThe Great American Biotic Interchange (commonly abbreviated as GABI), also known as the Great American Interchange and the Great American Faunal Interchange, was an important late Cenozoic paleozoogeographic biotic interchange event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America via Central America to South America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the formerly separated continents. Although earlier dispersals had occurred, probably over water, the migration accelerated dramatically about 2.
