First-person shooter

Summary

First-person shooter (FPS) is a sub-genre of shooter video games centered on gun and other weapon-based combat in a first-person perspective, with the player experiencing the action through the eyes of a protagonist or antagonist which is armed, and then controlling the player character in a three-dimensional space. The genre shares common traits with other shooter games, and in turn falls under the action game genre. Since the genre's inception, advanced 3D and pseudo-3D graphics have challenged hardware development, and multiplayer gaming has been integral. The first-person shooter genre has been traced back to Wolfenstein 3D (1992), which has been credited with creating the genre's basic archetype upon which subsequent titles were based. One such title, and the progenitor of the genre's wider mainstream acceptance and popularity, was Doom (1993), often considered the most influential game in this genre; for some years, the term Doom clone was used to

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter

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Motor imagery in spinal cord injured people is modulated by somatotopic coding, perspective taking, and post-lesional chronic pain

Polona Pozeg, Michele Scandola

Motor imagery (MI) allows one to mentally represent an action without necessarily performing it. Importantly, however, MI is profoundly influenced by the ability to actually execute actions, as demonstrated by the impairment of this ability as a consequence of lesions in motor cortices, limb amputations, movement limiting chronic pain, and spinal cord injury. Understanding MI and its deficits in patients with motor limitations is fundamentally important as development of some brain-computer interfaces and daily life strategies for coping with motor disorders are based on this ability. We explored MI in a large sample of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) using a comprehensive battery of questionnaires to assess the ability to imagine actions from a first-person or a third-person perspective and also imagine the proprioceptive components of actions. Moreover, we correlated MI skills with personality measures and clinical variables such as the level and completeness of the lesion and the presence of chronic pain. We found that the MI deficits (1) concerned the body parts affected by deafferentation and deefferentation, (2) were present in first- but not in third-person perspectives, and (3) were more altered in the presence of chronic pain. MI is thus closely related to bodily perceptions and representations. Every attempt to devise tools and trainings aimed at improving autonomy needs to consider the cognitive changes due to the body-brain disconnection.

Wiley2017

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Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) - devices that connect brain areas to external actuators - strive to restore limb mobility and sensation to patients suffering from paralysis or limb loss. Here we report a novel BMI that controls two virtual arms simultaneously. The development of BMIs for bimanual control is important because even the most basic daily movements such as opening a jar or buttoning a shirt require two arms. We for the first time have designed and implemented a bimanual BMI where activity of multiple cortical areas is translated in real-time into center-out reaching movements performed by two virtual arms. Eight multielectrode arrays, a total of 768 electrode channels, were implanted in the primary motor (M1), sensory (S1), supplementary motor (SMA), dorsal premotor (PMd), and posterior parietal (PP) cortices of both hemispheres of a rhesus monkey. Movement kinematics of each arm were extracted from the same ensemble of 400 neurons using a Wiener filter and an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Typically, a single neuron contributed to the movements of both left and right arms. Movements were enacted by arms of a virtual rhesus monkey avatar on a computer screen presented in first-person to the monkey. On each trial, the virtual arms moved their central locations to peripheral targets presented simultaneously on the right and left sides of the computer screen. Peri-event time histograms and linear discriminant analysis revealed a highly distributed encoding scheme, with movement directions of both limbs represented by both ipsilateral and contralateral areas. Furthermore, movements were represented by multiple cortical regions, including both primary and non-primary motor areas which have been previously identified areas important for bimanual coordination. Over the course of several weeks of real-time BMI control, the monkey’s performance clearly improved both when the monkey continued to move the joystick and when the joystick was removed. These results support the feasibility of cortically-driven clinical neural prosthetics for bimanual operations.

2012

Common Recruitment of Angular Gyrus in Episodic Autobiographical Memory and Bodily Self-Consciousness

Olaf Blanke, Lucie Bréchet, Baptiste Gauthier, Petr Grivaz

Parietal cortex and adjacent parts of the temporal cortex have recently been associated with bodily self-consciousness (BSC). Similarly, growing evidence suggests that the lateral parietal cortex is crucial for the subjective aspects of episodic autobiographical memory (EAM), which is based on the conscious experience of reliving past events. However, the neuroanatomical relationship between both fundamental aspects remains currently unexplored. Moreover, despite the wealth of neuroimaging data on EAM, only few neuroimaging studies have examined BSC and even fewer examined those aspects of BSC that are most closely related to EAM. Here, we investigated whether regions in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) that have been involved in spatial aspects of BSC (self-location and first-person perspective), as described by Ionta et al. (2011) are also active in studies investigating autobiographical memory. To examine this relation, we thus compared the regions indicated in the study by Ionta et al. (2011) based on data in healthy participants and neurological patients, with the results from a meta-analytical study we performed based on functional neuroimaging studies on EAM and semantic autobiographical memory (SAM). We report an anatomical overlap bilaterally in the angular gyrus (AG), but not in other parietal or temporal lobe structures between BSC and EAM. Moreover, there was no overlap between BSC and SAM. These preliminary data suggest that the bilateral AG may be a key structure for the conscious re-experiencing of past life episodes (EAM) and the conscious on-line experience of being located and experiencing the world in first-person (BSC).

2018

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2012