Roof

Summary

A roof (: roofs or rooves) is the top covering of a building, including all materials and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on uprights, providing protection against rain, snow, sunlight, extremes of temperature, and wind. A roof is part of the building envelope. The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of the building that it covers, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of construction and wider concepts of architectural design and practice, and may also be governed by local or national legislation. In most countries, a roof protects primarily against rain. A verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. The roof of a garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light. A roof may also provide additional living space, for example, a roof garden. Etymology Old English hrof 'roof, ceiling, top, summit; heaven, sky', a

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof

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Concrete and Metallic Structures Activation Calculations

Harrison Gavotto

The objective of this report is to detail the work done during the TP IV project at EPFL. The idea is to look into the activation of concrete and metallic structures of the EPFL’s nuclear reactor: CROCUS. This study has been done by two ways: MCNP computations and TLD measurements. The results are consistent between the two methods, as both show that the concrete roof is more activated than the other part of the cavity. However, the MCNP model seems to overestimate the radioactivity of the roof when compared to the walls. Indeed, a factor four has been found between them and with the TLD’s only a factor two. Moreover, the MCNP model gives high numbers for the activity in the concrete wall. Indeed, an activity of around 3 kBq/cm3 was found for the ten first centimetres of concrete in all the walls. The mains isotopes responsible for this activity are: 60Co and 133Ba, they are both long-lived radionuclides and it would be interesting to look at they concentration with time.

2017

Definition of design scenarios for the arrangement of tilted solar arrays and estimation of their electricity production from horizontal irradiances

Adrien Legrain, Sylvain Vitali

The goal of this project is to assess the potential of PV tilted arrays on flat roofs. Multiple evaluations according to different performance indicators are compared to find the optimal potential of three roofs situated in the urban environment of Neuchatel.

2018

A city-scale roof shape classification using machine learning for solar energy applications

Dan Assouline, Andreas Bill, Bérénice Guiboud, Nahid Mohajeri Pour Rayeni, Jean-Louis Scartezzini

Solar energy deployment through PV installations in urban areas depends strongly on the shape, size, and orientation of available roofs. Here we use a machine learning approach, Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification, to classify 10,085 building roofs in relation to their received solar energy in the city of Geneva in Switzerland. The SVM correctly identifies six types of roof shapes in 66% of cases, that is, flat & shed, gable, hip, gambrel & mansard, cross/corner gable & hip, and complex roofs.We classify the roofs based on their useful area for PV installations and potential for receiving solar energy. For most roof shapes, the ratio between useful roof area and building footprint area is close to one, suggesting that footprint is a good measure of useful PV roof area. The main exception is the gable where this ratio is 1.18. The flat and shed roofs have the second highest useful roof area for PV (complex roof being the highest) and the highest PV potential (in GWh). By contrast, hip roof has the lowest PV potential. Solar roof-shape classification provides basic information for designing new buildings, retrofitting interventions on the building roofs, and efficient solar integration on the roofs of buildings.

2018