Scientist

Summary

A scientist is a person who researches to advance knowledge in an area of the natural sciences. In classical antiquity, there was no real ancient analog of a modern scientist. Instead, philosophers engaged in the philosophical study of nature called natural philosophy, a precursor of natural science. Though Thales (circa 624–545 BC) was arguably the first scientist for describing how cosmic events may be seen as natural, not necessarily caused by gods, it was not until the 19th century that the term scientist came into regular use after it was coined by the theologian, philosopher, and historian of science William Whewell in 1833. History Timeline of the history of the scientific method and Scientific revolution The roles of "scientists", and their predecessors before the emergence of modern scientific disciplines, have evolved considerably over time. Scientists of different eras (and before them, natural philosophers, mathematicians, natural historians, natura

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Beyond scientific excellence: International mobility and the entrepreneurial activities of academic scientists

Valentina Tartari

As the international mobility of academic scientists is ever increasing, its effects on outcomes beyond research productivity deserve more attention. In this paper, we therefore investigate to what extent academics with different international mobility experiences differ in their likelihood to commercialize their research through entrepreneurship. To answer this question, we make use of a detailed survey covering all academics employed at Danish universities in 2017. Empirically, we distinguish three groups of academics according to their international experience (stayers, returnee, and immigrants) and focus on entrepreneurial outcomes realized while residing in the host country, Denmark. The estimation of duration models reveals that returnees are more than 50% more likely to become academic entrepreneurs than stayers. Immigrants, however, were between 38 and 47% less likely to start a firm than returnees. This difference seems to increase at higher levels of commercially relevant research and international research stays at international top institutions.

ELSEVIER2022

The systematic recording and management of experimental data in academic life science research remains an open problem. EPFL engaged in a program of ELN/LIMS deployment 6 years ago, encountering a host of fundamental questions at the institutional level and in each single laboratory. Here, based on our experience we aim to share with research institute managers, PIs, and any scientists involved in an ELN/LIMS deployment, helpful tips and tools to surround yourself with the right people and the right software at the right time. In this article we describe the resources used, the challenges, key success factors, and the results obtained at each phase of our project. Finally, we discuss the current and next challenges and how our experience leads us to support the creation of a new position in the research groups: the laboratory data manager.

2020

The stability of the h-index

Monika Henzinger, Jacob Sunol Canadas, Ingmar Weber

Over the last years the h-index has gained popularity as a measure for comparing the impact of scientists. We investigate if ranking according to the h-index is stable with respect to (i) different choices of citation databases, (ii) normalizing citation counts by the number of authors or by removing self-citations, (iii) small amounts of noise created by randomly removing citations or publications and (iv) small changes in the definition of the index. In experiments for 5,283 computer scientists and 1,354 physicists we show that although the ranking of the h-index is stable under most of these changes, it is unstable when different databases are used. Therefore, comparisons based on the h-index should only be trusted when the rankings of multiple citation databases agree.

Springer Netherlands2010