Structural isomer

Summary

In chemistry, a structural isomer (or constitutional isomer in the IUPAC nomenclature) of a compound is another compound whose molecule has the same number of atoms of each element, but with logically distinct bonds between them. The term metamer was formerly used for the same concept. For example, butanol , methyl propyl ether , and diethyl ether have the same molecular formula but are three distinct structural isomers. The concept applies also to polyatomic ions with the same total charge. A classical example is the cyanate ion and the fulminate ion . It is also extended to ionic compounds, so that (for example) ammonium cyanate and urea are considered structural isomers, and so are methylammonium formate and ammonium acetate . Structural isomerism is the most radical type of isomerism. It is opposed to stereoisomerism, in which the atoms and bonding scheme are the same, but only the re

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Molecular Hydrogen Messengers Can Lead to Structural Infidelity: A Cautionary Tale of Protonated Glycine

Antoine Louis Claude Masson, Thomas Rizzo, Evan Rowland Williams

The effects of tagging protonated glycine with either He or with between 1 and 14 H2 molecules on the infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectra and the ion structure was investigated. Differences in the IR spectra with either a single He atom or H2 molecule attached indicate that even a single H2 molecule can affect the frequencies of some vibrational bands of this simple ion. The protonation site is the preferred location of the tag with He and with up to two H2 molecules, but evidence for H2 attachment to the hydrogen atom of the uncharged carboxylic acid is observed for ions tagged with three or more H2 molecules. This results in a 55 cm-1 red shift in the carboxylic acid OH stretch, and evidence for some structural isomers where the hydrogen bond between the protonated nitrogen and the carbonyl oxygen is partially broken as a result H2 molecules attached to this site is observed. These results are supported by theory, which indicates that H2 molecules can effectively break this weak hydrogen bond with three or more H2 molecules. These results indicate that large spectral shifts as a result of H2 molecules attaching to sites remote from the charge can occur and affect stretching frequencies as a result of charge transfer, and that tagging with multiple H2 molecules can change the structure of the ion itself.

American Institute of Physics2015

Identification of N-glycan positional isomers by combining IMS and vibrational fingerprinting of structurally determinant CID fragments

Priyanka Bansal, Ahmed Ben Faleh, Thomas Rizzo, Stephan Warnke

While glycans are present on the surface of cells in all living organisms and play key roles in most biological processes, their isomeric complexity makes their structural characterization challenging. Of particular importance are positional isomers, for which analytical standards are difficult to obtain. We combine ultrahigh-resolution ion-mobility spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation and cryogenic infrared spectroscopy to determine the structure of N-glycan positional isomers. This approach is based on first separating the parent molecules by SLIM-based IMS, producing diagnostic fragments specific to each positional isomer, separating the fragments by IMS, and identifying them by comparing their IR fingerprints to a previously recorded spectral database. We demonstrate this strategy using a bottom-up scheme to identify the positional isomers of the N-linked glycan G0-N, in which a terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is attached to either the alpha-3 or alpha-6 branch of the common N-glycan pentasaccharide core. We then use IR fingerprints of these newly identified isomers to identify the positional isomers of G1 and G1F, which are biantennary complex-type N-glycans with a terminal galactose attached to either the alpha-3 or alpha-6 branch, and in the case of G1F a fucose attached to the reducing-end GlcNAc. Starting with just a few analytical standards, this fragment-based spectroscopy method allows us to develop a database which we can use to identify positional isomers. The generalization of this approach would greatly facilitate glycan analysis.

ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY2022

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The analysis of carbohydrates, or glycans, is challenging for established structure-sensitive gas-phase methods. The multitude of possible stereo-, regio- and structural isomers make them substantially more complex to ana-lyze than DNA or proteins, and no one method is currently able to fully resolve them. While the combination of tandem mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) have made important inroads in gly-can analysis, in many cases this approach is still not able to identify the precise isomeric form. To advance the techniques available for glycan analysis we employ two important innovations. First, we perform ultrahigh-resolution mobility separation using structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM) for isomer separation and pre-selection. We then complement this IMS-MS stage with a cryogenic IR spectroscopic dimension, since a glycan's vibrational spectrum provides a fingerprint that is extremely sensitive to the precise isomeric form. Using this unique approach in conjunction with oxygen-18 isotopic labelling, we show on a range of disaccha-rides how the two  and  anomers that every reducing glycan adopts in solution can be readily separated by mobility and identified based on their IR spectra. In addition to highlighting the power of our technique to detect minute differences in the structure of isomeric carbohydrates, these results provide the means to determine if and when anomericity is retained during collision-induced dissociation (CID) of larger glycans.

2019