Chronic liver disease

Chronic liver disease in the clinical context is a disease process of the liver that involves a process of progressive destruction and regeneration of the liver parenchyma leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis. "Chronic liver disease" refers to disease of the liver which lasts over a period of six months. It consists of a wide range of liver pathologies which include inflammation (chronic hepatitis), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The entire spectrum need not be experienced. Signs and symptoms Signs of chronic liver disease detectable on clinical examination can be divided into those that are associated with the diagnosis of chronic liver disease, associated with decompensation, and associated with the cause. Chronic liver disease

Nail clubbing
Palmar erythema
Spider nevi (angiomata)
Gynaecomastia
Feminising hair distribution
Testicular atrophy
Small irregular shrunken liver
Anaemia
Caput medusae

Decompensation

Drowsiness (e

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Liver disease

Liver disease, or hepatic disease, is any of many diseases of the liver. If long-lasting it is termed chronic liver disease. Although the diseases differ in detail, liver diseases often have features

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. Some people or animals with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor a

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) until renamed in 2023 by a global consensus panel composed mostly of h

A Human Liver-on-a-Chip Platform for Modeling Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Soufian Lasli

The liver possesses a unique microenvironment with a complex internal vascular system and cell-cell interactions. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease, and although much effort has been dedicated to building models to target NAFLD, most in vitro systems rely on simple models failing to recapitulate complex liver functions. Here, an in vitro system is presented to study NAFLD (steatosis) by coculturing human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) into spheroids. Analysis of colocalization of HepG2-HUVECs along with the level of steatosis reveals that the NAFLD pathogenesis could be better modeled when 20% of HUVECs are presented in HepG2 spheroids. Spheroids with fat supplements progressed to the steatosis stage on day 2, which could be maintained for more than a week without being harmful for cells. Transferring spheroids onto a chip system with an array of interconnected hexagonal microwells proves helpful for monitoring functionality through increased albumin secretions with HepG2-HUVEC interactions and elevated production of reactive oxygen species for steatotic spheroids. The reversibility of steatosis is demonstrated by simply stopping fat-based diet or by antisteatotic drug administration, the latter showing a faster return of intracellular lipid levels to the basal level.

2019

In Vitro Human Liver Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Coculturing Hepatocytes, Endothelial Cells, and Kupffer Cells

Soufian Lasli

The liver has a complex and unique microenvironment with multiple cell-cell interactions and internal vascular networks. Although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease with multiple phases, no proper model could fully recapitulate the in vivo microenvironment to understand NAFLD progression. Here, an in vitro human liver model of NAFLD by coculturing human hepatocytes, umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and Kupffer cells (KCs) into spheroids is presented. Analysis of indirect cross-talk using conditioned media between steatotic spheroids-composed of hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells (HepG2) and HUVECs-and mouse KCs reveals that the latter can be activated showing increased cell area, elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and proinflammatory cytokines. Spheroids incorporating human KCs (HKCs) can also be induced into steatotic stage by supplementing fat. Steatotic spheroids with/without HKCs show different levels of steatotic stages through lipid accumulation and ROS production. Steatotic spheroids made from an immortalized hepatic progenitor cell line (HepaRG) compared to those made from HepG2 cells display similar trends of functionality, but elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and improved reversibility of steatosis. The in vitro human liver system proposed makes strides in developing a model to mimic and monitor the progression of NAFLD.

2019

Entre prison ouverte et ville: habiter la limite avec un espace public (Londres, GB)

Patrizia Gabrielli

Le système carcéral actuel présente de sévères dysfonctionnements. Les ruptures sociales et urbaines qu'il induit agissent non seulement à l'échelle de l'individu mais également à l'échelle de la ville. Le projet architectural présenté se propose d'affaiblir ces ruptures en instaurant une perméabilité entre la ville et la prison. Il vise à déconstruire le paradigme de la prison hermétique et isolée dans le but de créer, par une cohésion spatiale, une meilleure cohésion sociale et, de ce fait, une meilleure réinsertion du détenu. L'ouverture d'un tel espace à la société est l'opportunité de démystifier l'emprisonnement et de mettre l'accent sur la resocialisation, au détriment de la punition et de l'exclusion. Le modèle proposé est implémenté à la prison de Brixton, construite à l'origine en 1819. Désormais englobé par le tissu urbain de la ville de Londres, le site est propice à des échanges entre détenus et habitants. "Ouverte" par ce projet, la prison garde sa fonction d'enfermement et se voit majorée d'un espace public où détenus et citoyens interagissent. A cette fin, le mur d'enceinte devient l'élément générateur du projet. Sa progressive destruction et réaffectation rendent cette barrière, aujourd'hui infranchissable, "poreuse". Des services, tel qu'un marché pour le quartier, s'emparent de ce territoire décloisonné créant ainsi un urbanisme de réciprocité et non de domination. C'est en rendant accessible ce vide urbain, en concrétisant cet entre-deux, que ce travail unifie ce territoire urbain aujourd'hui fragmenté.

2012