Peripheral vision

Summary

Peripheral vision, or indirect vision, is vision as it occurs outside the point of fixation, i.e. away from the center of gaze or, when viewed at large angles, in (or out of) the "corner of one's eye". The vast majority of the area in the visual field is included in the notion of peripheral vision. "Far peripheral" vision refers to the area at the edges of the visual field, "mid-peripheral" vision refers to medium eccentricities, and "near-peripheral", sometimes referred to as "para-central" vision, exists adjacent to the center of gaze. Boundaries Inner boundaries The inner boundaries of peripheral vision can be defined in any of several ways depending on the context. In everyday language the term "peripheral vision" is often used to refer to what in technical usage would be called "far peripheral vision." This is vision outside of the range of stereoscopic vision. It can be conceived as bounded at the center by a circle

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vision

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Attentional Processes in Natural Reading: the Effect of Margin Annotations on Reading Behaviour and Comprehension

Pierre Dillenbourg, Frédéric Kaplan, Tabea Koll, Andrea Mazzei

We present an eye tracking study to investigate how natural reading behavior and reading comprehension are influenced by in-context annotations. In a lab experiment, three groups of participants were asked to read a text and answer comprehension questions: a control group without taking annotations, a second group reading and taking annotations, and a third group reading a peer-annotated version of the same text. A self-made head-mounted eye tracking system was specifically designed for this experiment, in order to study how learners read and quickly re-read annotated paper texts, in low constrained experimental conditions. In the analysis, we measured the phenomenon of annotation-induced overt attention shifts in reading, and found that: (1) the reader's attention shifts toward a margin annotation more often when the annotation lies in the early peripheral vision, and (2) the number of attention shifts, between two different types of information units, is positively related to comprehension performance in quick re-reading. These results can be translated into potential criteria for knowledge assessment systems.

2014

A Wearable Gaze Tracking System for Children in Unconstrained Environments

Aude Billard, Jean-Baptiste Keller, Basilio Noris

We present here a head-mounted gaze tracking system for the study of visual behavior in unconstrained environments. The system is designed both for adults and for infants as young as 1 year of age. The system uses two CCD cameras to record a very wide field of view (96° x 96°) that allows to study both central and peripheral vision. A small motor-driven mirror allows to obtain the direction of the wearer's gaze with no need for active lighting and with little intrusiveness. The calibration of the system is done offine allowing experiments to be conducted with subjects who cannot cooperate in a calibration phase (e.g. very young children, animals). We use illumination normalization to increase the robustness of the system, and eye blinking detection to avoid tracking errors. We use Support Vector Regression to estimate a mapping between the appearance of the eyes and the corresponding gaze direction. The system can be used successfully indoors as well as outdoors and reaches an accuracy of 1.59° with adults and 2.42° with children.

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Capturing lightness between contours

Marcus Leonardus Vergeer

Homogeneously coloured bars may exhibit lightness differences at the intersections. A well-known example is the Hermann grid illusion, where crossing white bars on a black background show dark patches at the crossings. Jung (1973, Handbook of Sensory Physiology volume VII/3, pp 1-152) found that the dark patches persist when thin outlines are drawn at the intersections, and are even visible in foveal vision. Recently, it has been shown that making distortions to the contours of a Hermann grid-like configuration results in the disappearance of the illusory dark spots (Geier et al, 2008 Perception 37 651-665). We show that thin outlines at the crossings of the distorted Hermann grid induce lightness differences in the same direction as in the original Hermann grid illusion, even in foveal vision and in displays consisting of two crossing bars. Our experiments reveal that the induced lightness differences are independent of the luminance polarity and shape of the contours at the intersection. We suggest that the effect results from lateral inhibition and an additional spreading and capturing of these differences between luminance contours. A similar capturing between collinear contours may play a role in peripheral vision in the original Hermann grid.

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