Insulated glazing

Summary

Insulating glass (IG) consists of two or more glass window panes separated by a space to reduce heat transfer across a part of the building envelope. A window with insulating glass is commonly known as double glazing or a double-paned window, triple glazing or a triple-paned window, or quadruple glazing or a quadruple-paned window, depending upon how many panes of glass are used in its construction. Insulating glass units (IGUs) are typically manufactured with glass in thicknesses from 3 to 10 mm (1/8" to 3/8"). Thicker glass is used in special applications. Laminated or tempered glass may also be used as part of the construction. Most units are produced with the same thickness of glass on both panes but special applications such as acoustic attenuation or security may require different thicknesses of glass to be incorporated in a unit. The space in between the panes provides the bulk of the insulation effect and may be filled with air, but argon is often used as it giv

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulated_glazing

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The Soralux Daylighting System: Passive Solar Illumination for Deep-Plan Building Spaces

Daylight is a valuable resource for both energy and human health. However, this resource is often underutilized in buildings due to the difficulty of controlling the changing qualities of daylight. Deep-plan building spaces pose an especially challenging problem because traditional sidelighting strategies are only effective for workplanes adjacent to the facade. Infrequently adjusted shading systems can also limit the availability of daylight. A number of advanced daylighting systems have been developed that attempt to address these challenges with varying priorities and success. This thesis proposes a new technology named the Soralux Daylighting System. The system is passive, requires no shading adjustments, even under direct sunlight, and works well with deep-plan spaces on the order of 8 to 15 m deep. The Soralux system presents itself as a double-glazing window unit, allowing it to be easily integrated into curtain wall facades typical of deep-plan offices in large cities. Computer simulations using the ray tracing programs Radiance and TracePro were conducted to estimate the annual performance of the system. Variables such as facade orientation, sky obstruction, and climate were evaluated for their effect on system performance. The system was found to increase light levels by a factor of 2 to 10 compared to an unshaded window at depths between 8 and 15 m from the facade. Two physical mockups of the Soralux system were fabricated for testing. The first mockup tested was a small proof-of-concept prototype, while the second was a full-scale mockup which was installed in a Tokyo office building. The physical mockups were used to evaluate visual comfort and appearance. A monitoring campaign was also conducted for the Tokyo mockup and the measured data were compared with a Radiance model of the building space to validate the accuracy of the simulation results. The average error between simulated and measured illuminance values was 16%. Based on these results, recommendations are provided identifying which scenarios are well-suited for the system. The Soralux Daylighting System is scheduled to be permanently installed into a Tokyo office building in 2012.

2011

In the present work, a label-free, contactless and capacitive immunosensor is developed using impedance spectroscopy, in the aim to perform low-cost immunoassays. Chapter 1 puts this work in perspective with some existing techniques, while a presentation of impedance theory used in this work is carried out in chapter 2. In Chapter 3, numerical simulations using a commercial finite element method software is carried out. The response of coplanar and face-to-face designs using an insulating layer is studied with respect to a frequency ranging from 100 Hz to 10 MHz . Two levels of capacitance were observed across the frequency range : the low frequency capacitance created by the insulating layer and the high frequency capacitance created by the solution. These capacitances depend on parameters like the solution conductivity, the distance between the electrodes, the electrodes width or the insulating layer thickness. A dimensionless parameter is defined to evaluate the quality of the geometry at high frequencies. Microchips using a coplanar design are developed in Chapter 4. They are composed of two silver electrodes drilled in a PET sheet by laser photoablation. The design of both holder and of the microchips is optimized to increase as much as possible the signal-to-noise ratio. Bovine Serum Albumin is detected by a variation of the channel conductivity. Chapter 5 introduces the design of a sensor using electrodes made of a mass market aluminium foil. The study of the frequency response of the electrodes led to the creation of a discrete analytical model. The electrodes are then mounted into a holder using a face-to-face or coplanar design. The system is characterized through the variation of several geometrical parameters (height of fluid in the reservoir, electrode surface area, solution conductivity, ...). The coplanar design is also optimized to be able to work in a holder equipped with a fluidic channel. Finally, the ability of the aluminium electrodes based sensor to monitor an adsorption is studied in Chapter 6. The resonance is used to detect the adsorption of proteins like BSA on the electrodes using coplanar and face-to-face designs. The adsorption is found to follow a Langmuir isotherm and an adsorption equilibrium constant is extracted. The second adsorbate layer is detected using a coplanar design, enabling the achievement of a immunoassay.

EPFL2011

Combining thermal insulation and mobile communication in buildings: influence of laser-treated glazing on microwave propagation

Luc Burnier, Héloïse Ludivine Delaporte, Jérémy Jacques Antonin Fleury, Josef Andreas Schuler

With the purpose of reducing the heating energy in buildings, it is common practice to install energy-efficient windows to increase the thermal insulation of a façade. These insulating glass units (IGIJ) include a thin silver coating acting as an infrared mirror which reduces the thermal losses that occur through radiation, but at the same time reflects the microwaves for mobile communication. To address this drawback, a specific laser treatment is performed on the silver coating which strongly improves the transmission of microwaves through the window. In this study, the attenuation of microwaves signal was analyzed inside the SolAce unit in the "NEST" research building at the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) in Dübendorf. Two configurations (with and without laser-treated glazing) were carried out by interchanging two hinged windows. The results showed a significant improvement in signal strength in the configuration with laser-treated IGUs. A transmission loss contour plot of the SolAce unit showed a highly directional propagation of the wave which suggests that more than two windows should be treated to achieve better mobile communication in the entire unit. The novel patterned coating is thus especially valuable in the building sector to increase the microwave signal for mobile communication. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation and testing of laser-treated coating for energy-efficient glazing in the building sector.

IOP2022

The Soralux Daylighting System: Passive Solar Illumination for Deep-Plan Building Spaces

2011

EPFL2011