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Concept
Gaussian surface
Summary
A Gaussian surface is a closed surface in three-dimensional space through which the flux of a vector field is calculated; usually the gravitational field, electric field, or magnetic field. It is an arbitrary closed surface S = ∂V (the boundary of a 3-dimensional region V) used in conjunction with Gauss's law for the corresponding field (Gauss's law, Gauss's law for magnetism, or Gauss's law for gravity) by performing a surface integral, in order to calculate the total amount of the source quantity enclosed; e.g., amount of gravitational mass as the source of the gravitational field or amount of electric charge as the source of the electrostatic field, or vice versa: calculate the fields for the source distribution.
For concreteness, the electric field is considered in this article, as this is the most frequent type of field the surface concept is used for.
Gaussian surfaces are usually carefully chosen to exploit symmetries of a situation to simplify the calculation of the surface integral. If the Gaussian surface is chosen such that for every point on the surface the component of the electric field along the normal vector is constant, then the calculation will not require difficult integration as the constants which arise can be taken out of the integral. It is defined as the closed surface in three dimensional space by which the flux of vector field be calculated.
Charge density
Most calculations using Gaussian surfaces begin by implementing Gauss's law (for electricity):
Thereby Q_enc is the electrical charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface.
This is Gauss's law, combining both the divergence theorem and Coulomb's law.
A spherical Gaussian surface is used when finding the electric field or the flux produced by any of the following:
a point charge
a uniformly distributed spherical shell of charge
any other charge distribution with spherical symmetry
The spherical Gaussian surface is chosen so that it is concentric with the charge distribution.
As an example, consider a charged spherical shell S of negligible thickness, with a uniformly distributed charge Q and radius R.
Official source
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