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A bicycle, also called a pedal cycle, bike, push-bike or cycle, is a human-powered or motor-powered assisted, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A is called a cyclist, or bicyclist. Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century in Europe. By the early 21st century there were more than 1 billion. These numbers far exceed the number of cars, both in total and ranked by the number of individual models produced. They are the principal means of transportation in many regions. They also provide a popular form of recreation, and have been adapted for use as children's toys, general fitness, military and police applications, courier services, bicycle racing, and bicycle stunts. The basic shape and configuration of a typical upright or "safety bicycle", has changed little since the first chain-dr

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Dynamic optimization of bicycle-sharing systems

Mohamed Detsouli

Bicycle-sharing systems stations are often imbalanced. Stations are said to be in excess when there is no empty dock for users willing to deposit their bicycle. Conversely, stations aresaidtobeinshortagewhenthereisnoavailablebicycle. Rebalancingcanbeachievedby night when the system is closed and when the users are not permitted to move the bicycles. Insuchcase, rebalancingissaidtobestatic. Whenitisperformedduringthedaywhilethe users are moving the bicycles, rebalancing is said to be dynamic. The present work deals with the dynamic rebalancing of bicycle-sharing systems. Truck-based and pricing-based regulation heuristics are designed and implemented. Their performance is assessed and compared using real instances of up to 30 stations from Washington bicycle-sharing system. The contribution of this study resides in the development of easy-to-implement yet eﬀective and high-impact heuristics.

2020

Integrating Bicycle Travel Demand into a Land-Use and Transport Model of the Greater Boston Area

Marc-Edouard Baptiste Grégoire Schultheiss

In the last decades, travel demand models have progressed with tremendous development and are now routinely used to support planning and public policy decisions. However, active modes have often been overlooked and rarely considered as part of the solution to improve the global quality of the transportation system. This thesis is concurrent to the renaissance of active mobility in major cities and is motivated by the fact that the bicycle mode, in particular, has been scarcely documented and researched yet, even though it is a resourceful mode of transportation for the city and urban areas. This research explores the profiles of the cyclists and the elements that make an environment "cycling friendly", first by assessing the perception of urban form convenience, and second by inte- grating bicycle as an additional alternative of the choice set in a land-use and transport model of the Greater Boston Area. The estimation and test of the mode choice models show that socioeconomics, demographics and trip information are not sufficient to describe the decision making process of cyclists. The integration of origin and destination urban form features tend to yield better predictions. The land-use and transport model helped in running different scenarios to analyze the bicycle travel demand evolution. The results show that automobiles create a gap of accessibility, and that active modes are more resilient in case of network disruption when car is not an alternative of the choice set. Finally, extending the bicycle network (paths and lanes) increases the bicycle travel demand by decreasing the number of walking trips. Promoting active mobility must go along with concurrent actions that reduce the attractiveness of competing alternatives.

2017

Individual changes in the bicycle community workshops, A typology from a new agent of socialization

Alexandre André Robert Rigal

Social change is at the center of solutions to the problems of the environment. Yet social change is sometimes elusively described. Through empirical inquiries guided by socialization theories, the present article aims to identify different types of individual changes. These individual changes are observed and discussed in French bicycle community workshops. These places aim to replace cars with bicycles. Everyone is offered the opportunity to learn how to repair his own bicycle. Without a motor, the bicycle is moved by the force of its user and is easier to repair than a car. The goal of the bicycle community workshops is to allow individuals to gain more control over the tools they use daily. In these workshops, individuals start or continue to transform their lives and not only their travel habits. In the words of Berger and Luckmann, these places constitute laboratories of transformation. That is why I conducted 40 qualitative interviews and one-month as a participant observer in two bicycle community workshops. The result is a precise description both of social change on an individual scale and of a new agent of socialization. Bicycle community workshops may be seeds for a more sustainable future.

2020

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Bicycle frame

A bicycle frame is the main component of a bicycle, onto which wheels and other components are fitted. The modern and most common frame design for an upright bicycle is based on the safety bicycle,

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A motorcycle (motorbike, bike, or trike (if three-wheeled)) is a two or three-wheeled motor vehicle steered by a handlebar from a saddle-style seat. Motorcycle design varies

Tire

A tire (North American English) or tyre (Commonwealth English except Canada) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to